嘉慶年間廣東水師將領研究──以孫全謀等水師將領作討論

Research on Generals of Guangdong during the Jiaqing Period─Discussion with Sun Quanmou and other naval commanders

嘉慶年間的海盜為患廣東接近二十年，水師屢次與海盜交戰，互有勝負。根據記載，廣東水師面對張保部時，屢次戰敗，但仍然能夠打敗其他實力較弱的海盜。最終，清廷同時使用武力征剿及招撫政策，招降海盜中實力最強的郭婆帶、張保兩部，再出動廣東水師攻剿海盜餘部，平定海盜的叛亂。由於廣東水師表現一般，曾經多次被海盜打敗，更有兩位重要將領陣亡，史書對嘉慶朝廣東將領的評價不高。孫全謀是嘉慶年間廣東海防的重要將領，曾經出任廣東提督，長期對抗海盜，指揮過多場戰役。然而，有關孫全謀的記載卻頗為零碎，史書的評價亦不一。如《清史稿》中便沒有記載孫全謀，更指廣東將領只有黃標一人能對抗海盜。本文擬利用官方、民間檔案等資料，述說孫全謀在廣東征剿海盜的表現，希望為這位長年征戰的將領的生平及嘉慶年間廣東海防的問題補白，並探討嘉慶朝的廣東將領表現不佳的原因。

During the period in Jiaqing, Guangdong were infested with pirates for nearly two decades. Guangdong navy fought against pirates and won sometimes. According to the historical record, Guangdong navy was defeated while facing Zhang Baobu. However, Guangdong navy was still able to win other weaker pirates. Finally, the Qing government used military conquest and recruitment policies to manipulate the rebellion at the same time. Qing government recruited the strongest pirates Guo Podai and Zhang Bao to weaken pirates. Guangdong Navy was defeated by pirate repeatedly, and two important generals were killed in the battle. Due to average performance of Guangdong Navy, the historical evaluation of Guangdong generals of the Jiaqing dynasty is dissatisfactory. Sun Quanmou was an important general in Guangdong and served as Guangdong Commander in Chief during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty. During his tenure in Guangdong, he involved in wars against pirates and got a lot of achievements. However, the record of Sun Quanmou is rather fragmented, and the historical evaluations of him are quite different. For example, there is no record of Sun Quanmou in the“Manuscript of Qing History”.“Manuscript of Qing History”even stated that only Huang Biao among the Guangdong generals could fight against pirates. This article attempts to use official and private archives to evaluate Sun Quanmou’s performance while conquering pirates in Guangdong. The purpose of this article is to explain why the Guangdong generals performed poorly in the Jiaqing period.