論美國陪審團選任程序之發展與運作──兼論我國國民法官法選任制度之借鏡

The Development and Operation of the American Jury Selection

美國聯邦憲法第六修正案規定「刑事被告有權受公正陪審團之審判」。因此，如何透過陪審團選任制度選出公正的陪審團，遂成為美國陪審制運作得當的核心關鍵前提。本文從美國陪審團選任程序的歷史脈絡進行爬梳，剖析陪審團制度中的陪審員問卷、檢辯雙方對陪審員的提問、具理由排除與不附理由拒卻權之運作等。其中，尤以不附理由拒卻權之內涵與運作模式為探討重點。作為賦予檢辯雙方得以不附理由且任意地排除候選陪審員於該案審理之權，於美國實務運作上，屢屢遭可能會引發對不同群體的歧視之質疑，並大受批評。在Batson案後，美國法制逐步發展出對拒卻權濫用的限制，建立更具明確性的檢驗標準。最後，本文綜合分析陪審團選任制度的目的、學理與實務運作，並對陪審團制度的發展方向進行彙整，期能為台灣國民法官選任制度運作提供借鏡，並提出可供參考之實務運作方向與相關立法論建議。

The Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury consisting of jurors from the state and district where the crime was alleged to have been committed. Therefore, how to select a fair jury through the jury selection process is the key prerequisite for the proper operation of the American jury system. This article goes through the historical context of the American selection process. Analyzes the juror questionnaires in the American jury system, the questions asked by the prosecution and the defense, and the operation of the challenge with reasons and the peremptory challenge system. In addition, this article focuses on analyzing the connotation and operation of peremptory challenges in American law. The peremptory challenge, as a right for both the prosecution and the defense, is given the right to arbitrarily exclude potential jurors from the trial of the case without giving reasons; the right to refuse without giving reasons has raised questions and criticisms about discrimination against different groups in the practical operation of the United States. Furthermore, after the Batson case, the American legal system developed restrictions on abusing the peremptory challenge and established more evident test standards. Finally, this article analyzes and discusses the jury selection system's purpose, academic theory, and practical operation. Summarizes the development direction of the jury system and provides a reference for the operation of Taiwan's national judge selection system. And propose the practical operation direction and relevant legislative suggestions for the jury selection that Taiwan can refer to.