木材水運與始皇「興事」——放馬灘秦墓木板地圖補釋

Timber Transport by Water and the Construction Projects of Emperor Qin Shi Huang: The Wooden Board Maps from the Qin Tomb at Fangmatan

放馬灘秦墓出土的木板地圖，可從林區水運的思路深入考察。通過木板地圖的水系支流與今水系的對應，可以明確文字注記的位置。地圖的讀圖順序為內容較舊的1-2-3-4-5；內容較新的7-6。這組地圖體現了秦人伐木的南進歷程：上溯東柯河、越過分水嶺、南下花廟河。放馬灘是分水嶺之上的轉運樞紐，墓主是在此管理木材水陸轉運的官吏。秦統一後大興土木、木材供應網路擴大，木板地圖上的伐木南進、水陸轉運，都是因此而起。運輸業的旺盛需求，使得秦朝的水運勃興。放馬灘地圖所見水陸轉運，發展為秦始皇晚年的「寫蜀、荊地材皆至」。秦的水運優勢不加節制地擴展，導致運輸規模超前、資源汲取過量，埋下了「天下始畔秦」的禍根。

The present article examines the wooden board maps unearthed from Tomb 1 at the Fangmatan放馬灘site from the perspective of water transport in the forest regions. The locations of the textual annotations can be clarified by the correspondence between the tributaries of the antique maps and the present-day river system. The maps are read in the following order: (older contents) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; and (newer contents) 7, 6. The seven maps reflect the southward journey of the Qin people’s timbering and other resource extraction: up the Dongke River東柯河, across the watershed, and southward deep into the Huamiao River花廟河area. Fangmatan was a transportation hub positioned above the watershed, and the tomb occupant was an official who managed the area’s land and water transport of timber. Following the unification of the Qin, large-scale construction projects expanded the timber supply networks, driving said southward expansion and the development of transport routes depicted on the wooden board maps. More generally, this acute demand for transportation led to a boom in water transport in the Qin dynasty. The land and water routes seen on the maps developed into the point for the“transportation of all timber from the Shu and Jing”寫蜀、荊地材皆至in the later years of the reign of Qin Shi Huang (r. 221–210 BCE). The unchecked expansion of Qin’s advantages in water transport led to its excessive scale and an overdrawing of resources, which ultimately sowed the seeds of“all under heaven beginning to rebel against the Qin dynasty”天下始畔秦.