入出國身分查驗中運用生物特徵資料之法制建構

The Construction of Legal Institutions About Using Biometric Data for Identity Inspection when Immigration

隨著不斷創新之技術與發明，國家於履行風險預防或危害防止任務時，得採行之手段亦趨向多元，其中，藉由預先擷取具有個人專屬性之生物特徵資料，例如指紋及臉部影像等，且建立檔案加以錄存，並於後續入出國身分查驗程序中，使用生物特徵辨識科技進行比對，以達到確認身分之目的，甚至是建置大型資料庫以備未來不時之需。科技看似有助於大幅提升執法之效率與正確性，但運用生物特徵資料進行身分查驗，卻可能對人民之自由及權利帶來新型態之風險及侵害，相關法制是否已提供充分之基礎與保障，值得關注。
本文首先將就我國入出國之相關法規進行盤點，並聚焦於入出國身分查驗程序中，運用生物特徵資料之相關規範予以介紹分析；其次，關注德國法制中相類之規範，就其法制框架、蒐集對象、資料類型、合法性要件及爭議等，進行探究，期待藉由他山之石，可以為錯；最後，則嘗試思考在科技日新月異之發展下，應如何兼顧對人民自由及權利之保障，並針對完善生物特徵資料運用於入出國身分查驗之法制規範，提出個人之觀察及建議，並希冀藉此開啟實務與理論之對話。

With the technologies and inventions that are continuously being innovated, the means that can be adopted by the government when carrying out the mission of preventing risks or harm are becoming more pluralistic. Among them, by pre-capturing biometric data with personal specificity, such as fingerprints and facial images, and then creating files as well as recording and retrieving such data, the use of specific biometric recognition technology in the procedure of identity inspection compared with personal biometric data when entering and/or exiting the State can achieve the purpose of confirming identity; this even can build a large database for future use. The technology seems to provide a substantial improvement in the efficiency and accuracy of law enforcement, but using biometric data to inspect the identity may also bring new types of risks and harm to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the people. It is worthy of attention by the relevant legal institutions whether this can provide a sufficient foundation and adequate guarantees or not.
This article will first take stock of Taiwan’s relevant immigration regulations and focus on the procedure of identity inspection when entering and/or exiting the State, as well as introduce and analyze the norms of using biometric data. Second, it focuses on similar norms in German laws, including legal frameworks, collected objects, data types, legitimacy elements and disputes, and so on, in hope of making our legal system better than it is now by consulting German law. Finally, when thinking about the technologies with rapid development, this article discusses how to guarantee the fundamental rights and freedoms of persons while at the same time refining the legal norms governing the use of biometric data for identity inspection when entering and/or exiting the State. This paper will bring some personal observations and suggestions, hoping to open the conversations between practices and theories.