考古學視野下橫斷山區與北方地區的早期文化交流

Archaeological Insights into Early Cultural Interactions between the Hengduan Mountains and the Northern China-Eurasian Steppe Region

橫斷山區地處歐亞大陸東部東、西兩條文化傳播帶的交匯地帶，是青藏高原東麓十分重要的文化和民族走廊。先秦時期，該地區與中國北方及歐亞草原的文化交流頻繁，既是中國邊疆地區古代人群交往和跨區域文化互動歷史的一個縮影，也是古代中國與歐亞草原文明互鑒和人文交流的重要例證。橫斷山區與北方地區的早期文化交流在青銅時代晚期達到高峰，與新石器時代晚期和青銅時代早期相比，這一階段兩地文化交流涉及的空間範圍更廣、內容更豐富、機制更複雜。本文從兵器、工具、生活用具、馬具和葬馬習俗等在橫斷山區與北方青銅文化中都極具代表性的物質文化特徵入手，探討青銅時代晚期兩地文化交流的具體表現、交流機制和歷史背景。本文認為兩地的文化交流是由多條有明確時間和空間指向性的具體聯繫構成的複雜互動網絡，來自東、西不同方向的多元文化在橫斷山區碰撞和融合，造就了當地文化複雜多樣、兼容並蓄的特點。北方文化和遊牧人群的南下，是橫斷山區青銅時代晚期文化形成與發展的關鍵外在動力，其本質是畜牧文化與農耕文化的拉鋸，而在對多元文化因素有選擇性吸收、重組、融合基礎上的變異與創新，則是其內在動力。該過程揭示了橫斷山區因其通道位置而導致當地文化突出的融合性特徵。

The Hengduan Mountains, located at the convergence of the eastern and western cultural transmission routes of the eastern Eurasian continent, serve as a significant corridor for cultural interactions and human migrations along the eastern Tibetan Plateau. During the pre-Qin period, this region had frequent interactions with northern China and the Eurasian Steppe, reflecting both the historical connections among ancient ethnic groups in China’s frontier regions and the broader cultural exchanges between ancient China and the steppe. The early cultural interactions between the Hengduan Mountains and northern regions reached their peak in the late Bronze Age. Compared to the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age, this period featured a wider spatial scope, richer content, and more complex mechanisms of cross-regional interactions. The present article focuses on weapons, tools, daily implements, horse gears, and horse bone interment, which were highly representative in the bronze cultures of both the Hengduan Mountains and northern regions, exploring the specific connections, mechanisms, and historical contexts of the cultural interactions at the time. This article argues that interactions occurred through a complex network of multiple connections, each with a distinct temporal and spatial orientation. The Hengduan Mountains acted as a crossroads where diverse eastern and western cultures collided and fused, contributing to the complexity, diversity, and inclusivity of the region’s late Bronze Age cultures. The southward migration of northern cultures, along with nomadic and semi-nomadic groups, was a key external driver for the formation and development of late Bronze Age cultures in the Hengduan Mountains, while selective absorption, reorganization, and innovation of diverse cultural elements provided the internal impetus. The process highlights the remarkable integrative characteristics of the local cultures owing to the status of the Hengduan Mountains as a cultural corridor.