莎劇《馬克白》中的僭越梟雄角色形塑與溯源

The Overreacher in Shakespeare’s Macbeth: Characterization and Source-Tracing

莎士比亞劇中人物塑造不單純受限於描繪人性，有時也強烈反映了莎翁所處的時代。本文的研究目的即是以莎劇《馬克白》名劇為例，試圖挖掘：（一）莎翁在改寫原始故事素材時，如何選擇「僭越梟雄」這個流行於當時劇壇的新興角色，來形塑《馬克白》一劇的主角馬氏夫婦，藉此映照出當時社會狂熱的偶像崇拜風氣？這種英雄主角究竟和以往的古典英雄有何不同，以及探索這種英雄類型其背後造成的歷史成因為何？（二）莎翁的「僭越梟雄」特質與同時代最具代表性的馬羅式的僭越梟雄有何異同？其別出心裁之處為何？（三）莎翁如何援用「心理獨白」的編劇技巧，藉此凸顯其僭越梟雄面臨困境時的各種理智與情感之間的拉扯與煎熬？此點不僅有別於馬羅的僭越梟雄，更展現了莎士比亞傑出的編劇天賦。以上三點是莎翁在馬克白夫婦角色形塑上的重大挑戰，也是本文所欲挖掘之重心所在。

Shakespeare’s characters do not simply portray human nature—they often strongly reflect the era in which Shakespeare lived. The purpose of this paper is to investigate: (1) How did Shakespeare adapt source materials and choose the“overreacher,”a novel character type popular at that time, to shape the protagonists, Macbeth and his wife, in the play Macbeth, thus reflecting a fanatical trend of idolatry in the society at that time? How does this type of heroic protagonist differ from previous classical heroes, and what are the historical causes for this new type of hero to emerge? (2) How is Shakespeare’s“overreacher”different from Christopher Marlowe’s? What is the Bard’s ingenuity? (3) How does Shakespeare employ the technique of“psychological soliloquy”that highlights the tension and struggle between reason and emotion when the overreacher is confronted with a dilemma? This is not only how Shakespeare’s play differs from Marlowe’s, but also shows the exceptional genius of Shakespeare as a dramatist. These questions are the major challenges in Shakespeare’s portrayal of the Macbeths.