日本餐飲業高齡勞動者之就業力指標與趨勢分析

Analysis of Employability Indicators and Trends for Elderly Workers in Japan's Food Service Industry

本研究以次級數據分析法，整合總務省《勞動力調查》、厚生勞動省《高齡者雇用情況報告》等官方資料，探討2018至2026年間日本餐飲業（飲食服務業）高齡勞動者（65歲以上）之就業力指標。研究結果顯示：日本超高齡社會下（2025年9月總務省推計65歲以上人口占29.4%），餐飲業缺工率達58.6%，高齡者填補約20%空缺；高齡就業者數由2018年55萬人增至2026年65萬人，產業占比從6.9%升至7.5%；就業形態以非正規雇用為主（76.9%），離職率較整體低約10%，顯示較高的工作穩定性。健康壽命延長（平均75歲）、透過《高齡者雇用安定法》積極推行（65歲雇用確保措置實施率99.9%（經過措置結束後））及自動化輔助設備導入，共同支撐正向就業趨勢。預估2030年餐飲業高齡就業率將達10%。本研究確認高齡勞動者已成為緩解日本餐飲業結構性缺工的關鍵勞動力。

This study uses secondary data analysis to integrate official data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications' ''Labour Force Survey'' and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare's ''Report on Employment of the Elderly,'' exploring the employability indicators of elderly workers (65 years and older) in Japan's food service industry from 2018 to 2026. The results show that in Japan's super-aged society (29.4% of the population will be 65 years and older in 2025), the food service industry faces a 58.6% labor shortage, with the elderly filling approximately 20% of the vacancies. The number of elderly workers will increase from 550,000 in 2018 to 650,000 in 2026, and the industry's share will rise from 6.9% to 7.5%. Employment is predominantly informal (76.9%), and the turnover rate is about 10% lower than the overall rate, indicating higher job stability. Increased healthy life expectancy (average 75 years), the active implementation of the ''Law on Stabilization of Employment of the Elderly'' (99.9% of companies have mandated employment for those aged 65 and older), and the introduction of automated assistive devices all contribute to this positive employment trend. It is projected that the employment rate of older workers in the food service industry will reach 10% by 2030. This study confirms that older workers have become a key workforce in alleviating the structural labor shortage in Japan's food service industry.