以GIS考察先秦漢代星象分野之成型與占驗體系

Investigation of the Formation and Verification System of Pre-Qin and Han Dynasty Celestial Phenomena Division Using GIS

星象分野，是古人透過觀察歲星運行軌跡，從而劃分十二天區，以對人間各國吉凶進行推斷的星占系統。歷來對於先秦星象分野之起源、各國配對與體系成型說法不一，其中不乏許多矛盾之處。並且，占驗體系發展至漢代，實際用於占驗的系統，與先秦星象分野說又有何交涉？上述兩者，為本文研究之動機。本文之撰寫，採文獻與實地對比方法，檢視前人對於先秦星象分野定型理論的誤差。研究工具上，採GIS地理資訊系統中QGIS工具進行疊圖比對，考察文獻與實際輿地之誤差。研究步驟上，先釐清先秦時期星象分野中天象與地理疆域的實際配對樣貌，其次再進一步考察漢代「實際」發揮作用的星象分野占驗體系與先秦星象分野體系的關聯。經研究，發現先秦歲星十二次分野系統，結合周朝受命年、戰國疆域分布、五方五帝說、天象傾斜等內涵，才逐步完成歲星十二次分野體系。其中吳國與越國並稱，需到《淮南子》成書時才將吳國納入分野。另外，《漢書．天文志》中所反映的西漢星占系統，是一個以先秦十二次、二十八宿分野為基礎，根據《淮南子．天文篇》分野體系，並結合日月五星占、星官說等學說，形成一系統嚴謹，符合大一統帝國實際政治需求的星占體系。

Celestial phenomena division refers to the ancient practice of dividing the sky into twelve celestial regions based on the trajectories of the yearly stars, forming a celestial divination system for predicting the fortunes and misfortunes of different nations. Throughout history, there have been various theories and explanations regarding the origins, pairing of regions, and formation of the system of Pre-Qin celestial phenomena division, often with conflicting perspectives. Moreover, as the divination system evolved into the Han Dynasty, how did the actual systems used for divination relate to the Pre-Qin celestial phenomena division? These questions serve as the motivation for this study. The methodology employed in this paper involves a comparative analysis of historical documents and on-site observations to examine inaccuracies in previous theories regarding the standardization of Pre-Qin celestial phenomena division. Using GIS (Geographic Information System) tools such as QGIS for map overlay comparison, discrepancies between literature and actual geographic features are investigated. The research process first clarifies the actual pairing of celestial phenomena and geographical territories during the Pre-Qin period, followed by an examination of the relationship between the functional celestial phenomena division divination system during the Han Dynasty and the Pre-Qin celestial phenomena division system. Through this study, it is revealed that the system of twelve celestial regions associated with the yearly stars during the Pre-Qin period gradually evolved, incorporating elements such as the Zhou Dynasty's auspicious years, the distribution of territories during the Warring States period, the Five Emperors theory, and celestial phenomena tilts. Notably, the inclusion of Wu and Yue as separate entities required the completion of the system with the publication of the ''Huainanzi'' text. Additionally, the star divination system reflected in the ''Book of Han, Treatise on Astronomy'' is based on the Pre-Qin twelve celestial regions and the twenty-eight constellations, integrated with the celestial division system from the ''Huainanzi, Treatise on Astronomy,'' and incorporating theories such as solar and lunar divination, star officer doctrines, forming a systematic and rigorous celestial divination system that aligns with the practical political needs of a unified empire.