刑法、社會與功能主義雅各布斯學術思想評析

功能主義要求從本質主義轉向關係性視角，具有明顯的整體主義傾向。雅各布斯的學術思想具有典型的功能主義特徵，將刑法視為社會系統的有機環節，大體上採用了功能性的分析方法，但與盧曼後期的系統論主張並無顯著聯繫。“（犯罪）意義”與“自然”的對立構成了雅各布斯刑法理論的基本出發點，只有表達出否定規範效力之意義的行為，才是刑法所關注的犯罪行為。“人格體”是能夠遵守社會規範、按照社會角色的要求履行義務的主體，是判定行為意義的基底。“歸責”則旨在確定相關行為反對規範的意義內涵。受功能主義和黑格爾哲學的雙重影響，雅各布斯的學術見解具有濃郁的整體主義色彩，揭示了刑法與社會的內在聯系，也因此引起了眾多誤解和批評。

Functionalism calls for a shift from essentialism to a relational perspective and exhibits a pronounced holist orientation. Günther Jakobs’s scholarship displays the typical characteristics of functionalism: he conceives of criminal law as an organic component of the social system and largely employs a functional mode of analysis, though his thought shows no substantial connection with Niklas Luhmann’s later systems theory. The opposition between“meaning (of crime)”and“nature”constitutes the fundamental point of departure for Jakobs’s theory of criminal law. Only conduct that expresses a meaning negating the validity of a norm qualifies, in his view, as criminal behavior to which criminal law properly responds. The“person”is the subject capable of complying with social norms and fulfilling obligations in accordance with social roles; it forms the foundation for determining the meaning of an act.“Attribution”serves to specify the normative meaning of conduct as opposing the norm. Influenced by both functionalism and Hegelian philosophy, Jakobs’s theoretical vision bears a distinctly holistic character: it insightfully reveals the internal connection between criminal law and society, yet precisely for that reason has also given rise to widespread misunderstanding and criticism.