一個流放地的考察──論清初東北寧古塔的史地建構

The Investigation of A Banish Site: On the Histographical Construction of Ningguta in the Northeast of Early Qing

本文以清初東北流放地──寧古塔為考察。重要論點有四，首先，通過擅長且嫻熟的文字描繪（word-painting），文士嘗試陳述自己的實地勘察，梳理出寧古塔地名由來、風土特產的歷史同時，獨一無二的地方意義遂被建構。其次，不僅是自然山水景觀，曾經擁有璀璨歷史的人力遺跡，易能賦與崇高的價值象徵，展現區域之獨特性。於是已為廢墟的東京城，在費心的探勘、繪製，終而展露片斷而稍有輪廓的文本風貌，成為寧古塔重要的人文景緻之一。再次，許多荒涼景觀迎接人們的流連造訪。在遊賞過程中，文士以知音之姿，為同樣從無人知的域外景點找到專屬命稱。潑泉、洞山、放雉等看似客觀題詠，實則隱藏書寫者當下的生命圖像，提供獨特自我身份的展示舞臺。其結果，不但創造寧古塔的地方歷史與經驗，書寫文本地景的文士自身也變成寧古塔的獨特景緻，以其殊異的生命經歷及對史地的發明、展示，提高了邊陲荒地的文化稱譽，也造就自我銘刻後世的立言聲名。

This article is focus on the Banish sit of early Qing，the investigation of Ningguta. This article has four points. First of all, with the skilled and practiced word-painting, field investigation, people who exiled and their disciples adjusted the origin of Ningguta's name and history of relics and customs, the unique significance of region had been established. Secondly, except beautiful natural landscape, the artifical remains of bright history also enable the valuable symbol, and then showed the uniqueness of region. The East Capital City that had become ruin appeared fragments and text of rough sketch finally after investigating and charting hard, and became the one of the important cultural scenery of Ningguta. Thirdly, many inhospitable landscapes welcomed people visiting first time. In the traveling course, literators as the confidants found the special name form the undeveloped outside city of landscape. Boquan, dongshan, fangzhi that looked like the objective sighing hided the life picture from the writers the moment, and provided the show stage to display individual self identity. In the conclusion, it has local history and experience to create Ningguta. Literators who wrote the local landscape also became the unique scene by unusual life experience and investigation and presentation to the historical area. It lifted the cultural praise of the border area, and created achieved glory reputation of inscription to descents.