王安石教育觀析論

An Inquiry into the Educational Thoughts of Wang An-shih

王安石，北宋中葉政治家、思想家、文學家與教育改革家。綜其一生，嘗以政治與社會改革者之背景，觀察並思考教育改革；其教育理論與實踐始終與變法、改革相聯結，將教育改革視作變法之重要內容，與經濟、政治、軍事改革同步進行，互相配合，為中國歷史上對教育改革貢獻最多者之一。其積極興辦官學，增設地方學校，增撥地方學田，培育專門人才，設立專科學校，主張學以致用，使學用合一，重視人才之養、育、取、用，選用德才兼備之師資，統一教學內容，誠為一有遠見，有魄力，有理論，有實踐之改革家，在中國教育史上有重要地位，且影響深遠。死後集謗譽於一身，至梁為超稱其為「三代以下一完人」，錢穆先生以為：「安石新政，雖屬失敗，畢竟在其政制的後面，有一套高遠的理想。」本文以安石文本為依歸，析論其教育政策、人才論、教材教法、學習觀、教育改革，及其對時代與今日教改之意義與為發。

Wang An-shih (1021-1086) is a statesman, thinker, literati, and educational reformer in the mid Song Dynasty. With political reform and social reform in mind, he proposed his educational reform program. An-shih's educational reform program, from theory to practice, can be viewed as part and parcel of his larger ambition in social reform. It goes with the other aspects of his social reform program in economics, politics, and military. An-shih is arguably one of the greatest contributors for educational reform in Chinese history.
An-shih's vigorous measures include: establishing official education; setting up local schools; allocating community land, the income from which is used to support school education; cultivating professionals; and establishing colleges for professional training. An-shih advocates the pragmatic approach in learning knowledge. He particularly attaches great importance to foster, nurture, recruit, and assign the talented persons.
A qualified good teacher, in An-shih's view, is a person of virtue and talent. As for teaching materials, An-shih deems it importance to standardize textbooks. An-shih is indeed a great reformer—farsighted, bold and resolute-capable of implementing his educational theories into practice. His educational reform exerts a tremendous influence in Chinese educational history.
The major texts of this research are drawn from the canon handed down from An-shih and Song Dynasty. In this paper I aims to illustrate An-shih's educational policy, his ideas of the elite, the teaching materials and methods he proposes, his concept of learning, and his educational reform. The achievement of An-shih bears significance to our time, particularly with respect to the current educational reform in Taiwan.