眺望烏托邦——談《莊子》書中的理想國度

The human expectation of an idealized world: discuss the idealized country in book Chuang-Tzu.

烏托邦的理念是一種社會現實的投射，時代愈是苦難，人們就愈加把希望寄託在一個以「否定現狀」為藍圖的理想之境中。建構烏托邦式的理想國度，幾乎是所有民族自古以來所共同擁有的工種追尋。歷來論者也頻以中國主流文化中儒家思想所標舉的「大同世界」作為中國烏托邦情結的論證，雖或言及《老子》書中「小國寡民」的邦國郅治，卻殊少論及《莊子》一書所具有的烏托邦理念。本文旨在析論《莊子》一書中的理想國度，並藉由比較儒道、中西烏托邦思維的異同，以此歸結其烏托邦精神的特色。全文共分三部分，第一部分乃就人類對理想家園的眺望，闡述烏托邦的思維。第二部分分別論述《莊子》書中至德之世、建德之國、無何有之鄉、大莫之國、帝鄉等理想的自然狀態。第三部分則進一步歸結出《莊子》書中理想國度的三大特色：超乎時空、以自然人性為理念、個人的非社群的。最後藉由典型烏托邦的敘事結構，推論得出《莊子》烏托邦的價值陳述非是一種變革不良制度和環境的社會實踐，其對理想社會價值的取向，基本上是採「取消主義」，藉由反對一切對事物本然狀態的人為干預，消解社會文化中對立的、異己的和規範性的種種區隔，來達到「自然」、「自由」與「和諧」的人生最高境界。

The Utopian concept is a kind of projection of social reality. The more challenging the time becomes, the more will people put their hopes into an idealized world of denial. It is almost a common pursuit of every nation to construct a utopian country. The Scholars of all times often concluded that the ''Big Common World'' advocated in Confucianism of Chinese mainstream culture is the Chinese Utopian state. Some might also mention the ''Little Country Few People'' political framework from the book Lao-Tzu. However very few ever discussed the Utopian concept from the book Chuang-Tzu. The main theme of this article is to analyze and discuss the idealized country in book Chuang-Tzu. It also compares Confucianism and Taoism, and the differences between Chinese and Western utopian concepts. Therefore it tries to derive the main characteristics of the Utopian concept from the above analysis and comparison. There are three parts in this article. The first part will discuss the human expectation of an idealized world and explain the logical thinking behind Utopia. The second part will describe the idealized natural states of world of perfection, country of virtue, town of no constraint, and place of god living etc. in Chuang-Tzu. The last part will conclude and point out the main three characteristics of an idealized world in Chuang-Tzu; which are the state beyond time and space, the principle of human nature, and the anti-socialism of an individual. It will conclude that the ultimate goal of Chuang-Tzu Utopia is an achievement to improve the society framework and environment. The directive of achieving an idealized society is to reach the highest state of nature, freedom, and harmony by opposing the artificial intervention of natural trend and removing the separation of different disciplines.