釋北大漢簡（參）《周馴》「非爵勿羈」——兼釋《詩．召南．行露》「誰謂雀無角」

An Interpretation of “Fei Jue Wu Ji” in Zhou Xun from the Third Volume of the Beijing University Collection of Han Strips, with a Discussion of “Shui Wei Que Wu Jiao” in Hang Lu from Shi Jing

北大漢簡（參）《周馴》八月章簡102云：「非駿勿駕，非爵勿△」，簡103云：「非駿勿駕，毋使肖人也；非爵勿△，毋大不仁也」，簡文這兩個△字依序作□、□形。△字右下角所从「吕」形部件，學界隸釋意見頗為分歧，並由此衍生出許多釋讀異說。經與秦漢文字比對結果，已證實此一「吕」形部件為「糸」旁省形，所以△字當隸定作「□」、「□」、「□」。己見著錄的出土秦漢文獻，「□」字皆讀作「羈」，而「□」、「羈」構形特徵又有相通之處，二者當為一字之異體，《周馴》「」字也當援例釋讀為「羈」。《周馴》「爵」字，學者皆通讀為雀鳥之「雀」，但「雀」字一般不與「羈」字搭配使用，且所謂「非雀勿羈」的意涵，也無法與下文「毋大不仁也」的思想合理呼應，筆者懷疑此一「爵」字當改讀為雀鼠之「𪖀」，因雀鼠性喜穿屋毀舍，盜食米粟作物，造成重大農損，捕捉這類危害巨大的鼠輩，可以不被視作「不仁」的行為。
《詩．召南．行露》「誰謂雀無角」的「角」字，早期學者皆訓作「獸角」，惟自宋代以降，學者多轉向解作「鳥喙」，二說纏訟至今，仍無共識。因先秦「角」字未有訓作「鳥喙」之例，且主張「鳥喙」說學者始終未能提出堅實證據，有鑑於此，筆者主張仍宜從毛、鄭舊說，將〈行露〉「角」字訓作「獸角」。此詩「雀」字，歷來學者皆理解為「麻雀」，但麻雀並無穿屋築巢習慣，與下文「何以穿我屋」的控訴扞格不合，頗疑此一「雀」字也應通讀為「𪖀」。〈行露〉後二章係採「重章互足」修辭手法，第二章「雀」、「角」、「屋」、「獄」四字，分別與第三章「鼠」、「牙」、「墉」、「訟」四字互省互足，共同表示「雀鼠」、「角牙」、「屋墉」、「獄訟」等概念。

The character “△（□、□）”in “Fei Jue Wu △” in Zhou Xun from the Beijing University Collection of Han Strips, of which the scholars have had different interpretations, is now proved to be the character “Ji 羈”. Besides, the character “Jue 爵” has been commonly read as “Que 雀” as it is used to call the bird “Que Niao 雀鳥”. However, evidence offered in this paper shows that the above reading is flawed and contradictory. This paper comes to the conclusion that the character “Jue 爵” should be read as “Que 𪖀” as it is used in “Que Shu 雀鼠” , a giant harmful mouse. This paper also demonstrates that the character “Que 雀” in “Shui Wei Que Wu Jiao” from Shi Jing, which has long been understood as “Maque 麻雀” (sparrow), should be read as “Que 𪖀”.