經典、靈圖與授度：《洞玄靈寶二十四生圖經》研究

Scriptures, Numinous Charts and Transmission: A Study of Lingbao Scripture on the Twenty-four Charts

道教對「圖」、「文」有一套論述，而此論述自然對道教的圖象思維起著關鍵性的作用。我們有需要先探討道教經典當中對「圖」、「文」的論述，然後進而思考道教對圖象的界定與關懷。本文從早期道教經典當中，來探討道教對「圖」、「符」與「文」的看法，並從中勾勒出早期道教經典當中對圖象的概念，其中對六朝時期南方的方士傳統當中所用到的圖作討論，其中最重要的是〈五嶽真形圖〉與〈八史圖〉，並探討古靈寶經如何承繼此圖象傳統，並加以整合擴充，與真文、玉符並列為天啟圖文。其中，《太上無極大道自然真一五稱符上經》與《洞玄靈寶二十四生圖經》在整合圖象扮演最重要的地位。本文後半部即集中探討經典當中的圖象概念。從本文分析可知，《洞玄靈寶二十四生圖經》所扮演的是一個統合性的角色，將五世紀以前的南方不同傳整合進一個完整的框架之中，而這個框架是以「圖」、「符」、「文」為中心。由本文分析可知，《洞玄靈寶二十四生圖經》主要以「洞玄金書紫字玉文丹章」、「二十四真圖」為核心，而「三部八景玉符」是一個開啟「洞玄金書紫字玉文丹章」、「二十四真圖」的關鍵。而最後再附上三部八景神仙乘騎構成授度的儀式。由此可知圖文在早期靈寶經典當中所佔有的重要位置。

Descriptions of pictures and text in Daoist texts provide key insights to their visual thinking, thus this work explores discussions of image and text in Daoist scriptures. It also explores Daoist attitudes to images, talismans, and text in Daoist scriptures, and from there outlines concepts related to Daoist images in Daoist scripture. Southern traditions placed more emphasis on images, on which the Writs of the Three Sovereigns, bear significantly. Discussions of images in the Lingbao sect took earlier textual and image traditions by organizing them into a complete system. This paper contains an analysis of the structure of the Lingbao Scripture of the Twenty-four charts, and finds that this scripture is primarily centred on the Cinnabar Seal of Purple Scripts and Jade Writes 紫字玉文丹章and the Twenty-four Charts and also that the Jade Talismans of Three Sections and Eight Effulgences 三部八景玉符 is key to understanding the other two scriptures. Moreover, it describes how the Registers of Three Sections and Eight Effulgences 三部八景籙 attached at the end of the scripture is an initiation ritual. The True Writs and sacred paintings therein can be said to be the most central concepts to the entire Scripture of Twenty-four Charts. This concept of sacred illustration took a central role in six dynasties Daoist scriptures, because their original form, the “Patterns of Heaven,” was an image possessed of great power, the crystallisation of primordial qi. The Perfect Writs, Numinous Charts, Jade Talismans emphasized in the Lingbao scriptures were actually both “scriptures” and also “fundamental writs”. Writs and Images were the visible form of the basic origin of the universe. The Scripture of Twenty-four Charts played the role of an interconnected system, using the concept of Perfect Writs and Numinous Charts to unify the traditions prior to the fifth century into an integrated structure, which took Images, Talismans and Writs as it central core.