大學生憂鬰症病理發展模式的探討

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEPRESSION AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

本研究旨在探討大學生憂鬰症之病理，欲知個體之脆弱因素、病前人格因素、中介因素及促發因素如何影響個體之憂鬰症狀以及彼此間的關係。本研究以北部11所大學院校的1441名大學生為研究對象、依性格的向度，分為依賴型、自我批評型、混合型、與低特質組來探討不同類型的憂鬱症呈現的症狀型態及嚴重性（form and severity）之差異、以及不同類型之憂鬱症狀其脆弱因素、認知推論過程、促發因素之間是否也有所差異。以兩份憂鬰量表，一份憂鬰分類量表，一份家人互動量表，一份認知組型量表、一份生活事件量表為研究工具，進行研究後，得到下列結果：（A）本研究發現依賴型與自我批評型之相關高達0.7022，表示此依賴與自我批評兩向度並非互相獨立的特質。（B）就罹患高憂鬱症狀的傾向而言，混合組最易罹患憂鬱症狀，其次為自我批評組，再其次為依賴組，最後為低特質組。（C）以症狀而言，大學生並未以身體的症狀來表達情緒困擾，而主要以心理及情緒上的偏差為其表現的方式。就各種憂鬱症狀層面而言，混合型無論在認知、情緒、生理等不同的層面，皆高於其他三組，而在症狀的認知層面上，自我批評型顯著的高於依賴型。（D）當探討憂鬱症之脆弱因素時，結果顯示：在混合組，無論是以ZDS或BDI-26為依變項，「家人的適應性輔助性」為最重要的預測變項。在依賴組，無論是以ZDS或BDI-26為依變項，「父親愛的不一致性」為最重要的預測項。在自我批評組，當以Zung為依變項時，「家人之心理分離允許度亅為最重要的預測變項；而以BDI-26為依變項時，「父之批評性亅為最重要變項。（E）在生活事件上，依賴組確如研究假設所預測比自我批評組自陳有較多的人際挫折事件；然則自我批評組並未如研究假設所預測，遭遇較多的成就挫折事件。（F）在認知偏差的組型上，自我批評組在高標準及自我批評上皆顯著地高於依賴組。（G）當比較過去與家人的互動經驗、認知組型、生活事件三大類來預測憂鬱程度時，發現認知組型之解釋量最大，最能預測憂鬱程度。

This study examined the rlationship of depression to its contributing factors-vulnerability, predisposition, modification and precipitation-among college students. The sample included 1441 college students from 11 universities in northern Taiwan. Students were divided into four groups, according to their dogree of dependence and self-criticism:(1)dependency high, self-criticism low;(2) dependency low, self-criticism high;(3)dependency high, self-criticism high;(4)dependency low, self-criticism low. The four groups were then examined their differences in(l)the form and the severity of symptoms, (2) their experiences of interaction with family members, (3) and in their cognitive styles and life stress events. Six measurement were used to examine these differences. This study allows the following conclusions:(l)dependency and self-criticism are highly correlated.(2)group 3 has the highest risk group of depression, and Group 2 has the second highest risk. (3) The dependency group reported having more interpersonal stress events.(4)Over-generalization is the most stable cognitive style among the depressants, especially on negative events and the self-criticism group reported having more self-criticism and high-standard tendency.