比昂精神分析團體理論之探究：三個或更多團體基本假設？

A Study of Bion’s Psychoanalytic Group Theory: Are There Three or More Basic Assumption Groups?

研究目的：比昂將團體視為一個整體，並圍繞三個作為團體心智狀態或核心動力的「團體基本假設」，建構出其團體理論。後續學者提出更多基本假設，試圖補足未充分論述的層面，但兩者在理論上存有斷層，亦未有研究將其整合，使基本假設理論對團體現象的解釋力受限。為此，本研究欲將各團體基本假設作理論整合，繼而獲致其對團體動力與歷程的系統性解釋。研究方法：2018年2月至2019年1月，以關鍵字「basic assumption group（s）」於「Psychoanalytic electronic publishing」資料庫搜尋文獻，以提出新的團體基本假設作選取原則，藉回顧方式於理論層面比對與整合各團體基本假設。研究結果：基本假設能被整合為主要的四個，並嘗試得出一個初步團體基本假設的工作圖式，可對「團體－人際－個體」的團體層次提出團體動力與介入的新解釋。研究結論：建議以團體心智光譜的方式取代傳統的團體發展階段的區分，應看重領導者在團體動力變化中的角色，領導者應藉由辨認團體基本假設，來選取最適切的帶領立場等討論，並以研究得出的工作圖式，提出未來探究精神分析團體理論與實務之研究方向。

Purpose: The psychoanalyst Bion regards groups as a whole. He constructed his group theory around 3 basic-assumption groups, which can be seen as the mentalities or the core dynamics of groups. Subsequently, other scholars have advocated the existence of additional basic assumptions and emphasized aspects that Bion did not fully address. However, there are theoretical discrepancies among these proposals, and no researcher has tried to integrate them, which has restricted the explanatory capacity of basic assumptions with regard to group phenomenon. I try to provide a theoretical integration of all the basic assumptions in order to develop a systematic explanation of group dynamics and processes. Methods: From February 2018 to January 2019, by searching with the keyword basic assumption group(s) in online library‘Psychoanalytic electronic publishing’, only articles with new proposals about basic assumption were considered. After this literature review, I compared and integrated 6 basic assumptions. Results: After the analysis I identified 4 main basic assumptions, and built a preliminary framework to indicate a new perspective for changes in group dynamics and intervention methods for the three aspects of groups: individual, interpersonal, groupas- a-whole. Conclusions: I suggest replacing the distinctions between group developmental stages with a co-existenting spectrum of group mentalities in order to highlight the influence of the leader on changes in group dynamics, and to highlight the most appropriate leadership stance by identifying which basic assumptions dominate. Finally, I propose a focus on psychoanalytic theory and practice in groups as an important topic for future research.