父母婚姻滿意度、親職效能感與幼兒情緒調節能力之關聯：父母正向回應教養的中介效果

The Relationships among Parental Marital Satisfaction, Parenting Self-Efficacy, and Emotional Regulation in Early Childhood: The Mediating Role of Responsive Parenting

研究目的：本研究探究父母婚姻滿意度、親職效能感與幼兒情緒調節能力間的關聯性，並檢驗父母正向回應教養行為的中介效果。過往研究已證實父母婚姻滿意度會影響親職行為與子女的情緒發展，但較少探討親職效能感的作用，以及父母正向回應教養於其間的中介效應，亦缺乏跨時點資料的分析，因此本研究進一步探究之。研究方法：分析臺灣幼兒發展調查資料庫（KIT 36月齡組第一波（36月齡）與第二波（48月齡）資料，有效樣本1,666筆（男童837位；女童829位）。研究結果：1.父母婚姻滿意度、親職效能感與父母正向回應教養行為具顯著正相關；2.經結構方程模型（structural equational modeling）分析，本研究假設模型具可接受的整體適配度，並顯示父母婚姻滿意度與親職效能感對幼兒在36及48月齡時的情緒調節能力皆具顯著正向效果；3.父母正向回應教養行為具顯著中介效果，即父母正向回應教養直接作用於幼兒情緒調節能力，而父母婚姻滿意度與親職效能感，則透過正向回應教養行為，間接正向作用於36及48月齡幼兒的情緒調節能力，且親職效能感的效果比婚姻滿意度更具優勢性。研究結論：本研究透過縱貫資料分析證實，父母婚姻滿意度、親職效能感及正向回應教養皆會影響幼兒情緒調節，且親職效能感影響最為顯著。研究支持親職行為的外溢效應（spillover hypothesis），即較高的婚姻滿意度可促進正向教養，進而提升幼兒情緒發展。建議透過親職教育與支持性育兒計畫提升親職效能，並鼓勵後續探討不同文化與家庭結構對此關係的影響。

Purpose: Previous research has confirmed that parental marital satisfaction affects both parenting behavior and children’s emotional well-being. Positive parental responsiveness (warmth and timely responses to a child’s needs) is crucial for healthy development. Poor marital satisfaction may undermine parenting self-efficacy, reducing parental responsiveness, which in turn may affect children’s emotional outcomes. We investigated the relationships among marital satisfaction, parenting self-efficacy, and children’s emotional regulation competence as well as the mediating effect of responsive parenting in order to provide a clearer understanding of how marital conflict influences children aged 36 to 48 months and to highlight potential intervention points to support positive parenting. Methods: We utilized responses from parents about 1,666 children (837 boys and 829 girls) on the variables of interest from the first and second waves of the parent questionnaire from the Kids in Taiwan (KIT) National Longitudinal Study of Child Development and Care database. We employed structural equation modeling to analyze the causal relationships among marital satisfaction, parenting self-efficacy, responsive parenting, and their children’s emotional regulation competence at two points in time (36 and 48 months). Results: We identified significant positive correlations among marital satisfaction, parenting self-efficacy, and responsive parenting. At both points in time, marital satisfaction and parenting self-efficacy had a significant positive correlation with the children’s emotional regulation competence. Also, at both points in time, responsive parenting behavior had a mediating effect on this relationship. At 36 months of age, parenting self-efficacy had a significantly greater influence than marital satisfaction on child emotional regulation competence. Conclusions: Although marital satisfaction, parenting self-efficacy, and responsive parenting all influence children’s emotional regulation competence, parenting self-efficacy has the strongest and most enduring impact. We were able to identify this insight through our longitudinal study, which stands in contrast to previous studies that primarily relied on cross-sectional data or single-aspect investigations. Our findings support the spillover hypothesis, suggesting that higher marital satisfaction fosters more responsive parenting, which in turn enhances child emotional development. We recommend interventions that strengthen parenting selfefficacy, such as parenting education and supportive childcare programs, to promote longterm
improvements in children’s emotional well-being. Future research should explore the role of cultural and family structure differences in these relationships.