親子間情感行為的溯源與文化塑形

嬰兒的依附行為中展露了人類情感性行為的原始風貌，但隨著孩子年紀的增長，中西方不同的社會化方式，分別依據不同的文化設計，形塑孩子發展文化合模的情感表達方式。本論文的第一個研究是採自然觀察的方法進入嬰幼兒的生活現場，觀察記錄他們與親長之間的情感互動行為。研究發現，嬰兒多自我焦點情緒的表現，親子間多肌膚之親的直接表達性情感行為。到了幼兒期，親子間仍保有表達性情感的特徵，做父母的認為孩子還不懂事，所以父母並不刻意於角色的扮演，因而容許自己與幼兒做某種程度的內在直接表現。但是，當幼兒離開父母上幼稚園時，父母與老師協同一致地以負增強的教化歷程引導幼兒學會感受他人焦點情緒，進而壓抑自我焦點情緒的流露。第二部份的研究透過傳記分析與個案訪談，發現傳統中國人的情感表達多訴諸利他的工具性行為，委婉地傳遞關愛的訊息。第三部份採客觀量化研究而發現，當今的成年子女對父母仍保存利他的工具性及間接性的情感特徵，少有情感的直接表達，在態度上也持相同的型態。

The original pattern of human affectionate behavior is displayed in the infant's attachment to his/her mother. However, it is socialized to fit the cultural specification as the child grows up. In the first part of this study, the infants' affection interaction with their parents were observed in their living setting. It was found that, the infants mostly display self-focused emotions and direct intimate behavior. In the period of pre-kindergarten age, children maintain much expressive emotion toward their parents. As the child leaves his/her parents when he/she enters the kindergarten, parents and teachers cooperatively cultivate the child to feel other-focused emotion and suppress self-focused affection by means of negative reinforcement. In the second part of this study, by means of biography analysis and case interview, it was found that Chinese tend to indirectly express caring and loving through altruistic instrumental behavior to his/her family members. In the third part, the college students' affection behavior were studied by questionnaire testing. Those early adults still reveal the traditional patterns of subtle affection expression and support such kind of expression in their attitude.