諮商師的技巧使用對個案情緒處理的影響：經驗學派、心理動力學派和跨理論學派的研究文獻回顧

Therapeutic Techniques in Client Emotional Processing: A Review of Experiential Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, and Trans-Theoretical Approaches

研究目的：情緒處理在心理治療中已被認可為有效的共通因子，但卻很少有研究探討諮商師的因素在情緒處理過程中所造成的影響。諮商師的因素可包含諮商師的特質與諮商師的技巧。由於沒有發現針對諮商師特質與情緒處理的關聯之相關研究；因此，本文的目的旨在回顧現有的關於諮商師技巧對情緒處理之影響的實證研究，並提出關於諮商師的因素、個案因素以及文化因素對於情緒處理的影響之未來研究之建議。研究方法：採文獻回顧的方式找出關於諮商師的技巧對於情緒處理的影響之實證研究。各個治療學派的技巧皆納入其中，包括經驗性學派、心理動力學派以及跨理論的學派。從西元1965至2016年，共有12篇已出版的實證研究文章是在探究諮商師的技巧對於情緒處理的影響。研究結果：在經驗性學派方面，研究指出完形治療學派的兩椅技術以及意義象徵技巧都能對情緒處理有效。跨理論的學派方面，支持性的技巧例如同理、友善和非控制的技巧以及反映和認可技術都在實證研究上被發現對於加深情緒處理有幫助。心理動力學派的解釋技巧以及跨理論學派的面質和自我坦露技巧在實證研究中則無一致性的研究結果。研究結論：本篇評論文章回顧現有實證研究並強調關於諮商師的因素以及文化因素在情緒處理過程中所造成的影響需要更多的研究探討，才能更深入瞭解情緒處理的有效運作機制。

Purpose: Emotional processing has been recognized as a common factor in treatment effectiveness. However, research has provided limited information on the influence of therapist variables in facilitating emotional processing. Therapist variables can include therapist attributes and therapeutic techniques. Since no studies were found on examining therapist attributes in emotional processing, the present article aims to review existing empirical studies of therapeutic techniques for facilitating emotional processing and to provide directions for future research in the domains of therapist variables, client factors, and cultural factors in emotional processing. Methods: A literature search identified 12 empirical articles published between 1965 and 2016 with regard to therapeutic techniques for facilitating emotional processing. These articles encompassed experiential therapy, psychodynamic therapy and trans-theoretical approaches. Results: In the literature on experiential therapy, therapeutic techniques such as the Gestalt two-chair technique and the meaning symbolization technique facilitate emotional processing effectively. Across theoretical orientations, supportive techniques such as empathy, friendly and non-controlling interventions, and reflections and acknowledgements have been demonstrated to lead to a higher level of emotional processing. Techniques that yielded mixed results across theoretical approaches in producing effective emotional processing were interpretations from psychodynamic therapy, confrontations, and therapist self-disclosures. The results of this review pointed out that other factors such as therapist attributes and cultural factors can interact with therapist interventions in emotional processing even though there is a paucity of research in this area. Conclusions: This review indicates that therapeutic techniques can be influential in emotional processing. This review suggests that further knowledge on therapist contributions and cultural factors in client emotional processing is imperative to fully understand the change mechanisms underlying emotional processing.