中、老年人自我知覺的成年期人格變化

根據對人格特質理論、人格自我發展理論、人格認知理論與有關成人人格發展實證研究結果的回顧，本研究建構一個統整的成人人格發展概念：人格特質在成人階段有其穩定性，而且某些人格特質在成人階段會有程度上的改變。八種人格特質被認為適合描述中、老年人的人格特質。本研究採取人格認知理論的理念，探討自我知覺的八種人格特質在三成人階段（年輕成年期、中年期、老年期）的穩定性與變化情形。219名中、老年人為本研究的研究施測對象。自我知覺的人格特質以變化人格量表的回答情境，包括對現時、回顧過去與展望未來的人格自我評估來加以評估。研究結果顯示八種自我知覺的人格特質在三成人階段有中、高度的穩定性。此外，中年期與老年期都比年輕成年期在自我知覺的生產性、統整性、內化性、圓熟理性、同理關懷表現得顯著的高。年輕成年期與中年期都比老年期在自我知覺的複雜性、具有活力表現得顯著的高。

On the basis of the literature review trait theory of personality, ego development of personality, cognitive theory of personality, and relevant empirical research concerning about adult personality development, this study constructed an integrated concept of adult personality development: Personality traits show temporal stability and some personality traits change in mean levels across adulthood. Eight personality traits were identified that were reasonable to describe the personality of middle-aged and old adults. This study adopted the perspectives of cognitive theory of personality to examine the stability and change of eight self-perceived personality traits across three major phases of adult life (young adulthood, middle-aged adulthood, old adulthood). Two scales were administered to 219 middle-aged and old adults. Self-perceived personality was rated by varying instructional conditions to include concurrent, prospective, and retrospective self-assessments. Results revealed that eight self-perceived personality traits showed moderate to high stability across three adult stages. In addition, both middle-aged and old adulthood have higher self-perceived generativity, integrity, interiority, maturity, and empathy than young adulthood; both young and middle-aged adulthood have higher self-perceived complexity and energy than old adulthood.