波希米亞王國招募德意志人政策及捷德民族問題的源起

The Bohemian Kingdom’s Policy of Recruiting Germans in Middle Ages and the Origins of the Czecho-German National Problem

中古高峰期時，因波希米亞王國為了境內疆域開發，召募大批具有專業技能的德意志人入境拓殖。此項政策推行數十年之後，使其時的波希米亞王國全域普獲開發之利，在大量稅收挹注下，不僅使該國歷朝諸君藉此而強化其王權，同時亦使波希米亞王國成就德意志乃至於中東歐地區一方之霸的地位。當然在大批德意志人移入並紮根波希米亞王國全域之後，德人聚集區逐步也由量變而產生質變，德意志人成為波希米亞及摩拉維亞的人口結構中具有相當比重的地位。其後從中古一直至現代，在波希米亞及摩拉維亞的歷史上，捷克人與德意志人的頻繁互動成為常態，在這長達800年的歷史中，曾經長期和平依存的雙方，在進入近現代之後，卻因近代民族主義浪潮的波及，逐步由和平至爭端、由磨擦而至衝突，終而發展至仇恨敵對態勢。本文將以去民族主義化的視角，擬由捷德兩民族從中古以來的互動開始，具體剖析這段歷時數百年之久的捷德民族關係史，希冀解開近現代複雜的中東歐地區民族衝突問題的其中一環──德捷民族鬥爭及蘇台德問題之源。

During the High Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Bohemia recruited a large number of skilled Germans to settle its territory. This policy brought widespread benefits to the entire kingdom. The substantial tax revenue not only strengthened the power of successive rulers but also established Bohemia as a dominant force in Germany and even in East Central Europe. With the large-scale influx of Germans and their establishment throughout Bohemia, the German-populated areas underwent a qualitative transformation, and Germans became a significant part of the population structure of Bohemia and Moravia. From the Middle Ages to the modern era, frequent interactions between Czechs and Germans became commonplace in the history of Bohemia and Moravia. During this 800-year history, the two sides, who had long coexisted peacefully, gradually shifted from peace to conflict, from friction to confrontation, and finally to hatred and hostility due to the influence of modern nationalism. This article aims to analyze this centuries-long history of Czech-German relations, starting with the interactions between the two peoples since the Middle Ages, hoping to unravel one aspect of the complex ethnic conflict in East Central Europe in modern times: the origins of the Czech-German national struggle and the Sudetenland question.