華人男性強暴迷思的概念分析與量表建立

Conceptual Analysis and Scale Development of Chinese Male Rape Myths

本研究以華人雙元文化為架構，企圖建構華人男性強暴迷思概念與量表。共分三項研究：研究一以61位研究所教育程度者為受訪者，男女約各半（以下同），以開放式問卷詢問其對男性遭遇強制性交的看法。研究二依據研究一質化分析的結果，撰寫男性強暴迷思量表初稿104題；再以無記名自陳式問卷調查610位臺灣社區成年民眾，進行探索性因素分析與項目分析的選題程序，建立華人男性強暴迷思量表計22題，包括四個構面：男性遭遇性侵害者具有同性戀傾向且不是什麼嚴重的事情；最好不要公開；對加害者的刻板印象（性欲強、性衝動、心理變態）；對受害者的刻板印象（遭他人異樣眼光看待、造成家庭不名譽、具陰柔氣質）。量表經檢證具內部一致性信度、實徵與效標關聯效度。研究三以另一樣本再探量表信、效度，共1,054位社區成年民眾參與，結果顯示量表具有內部一致性與組合信度，及建構、效標關聯與預測效度；男女樣本經檢證具有測量恆等性。臺灣民眾對本研究建立的量表接受度高於西方量表，說明華人男性強暴迷思量表的本地契合性。

Rape myths are a set of erroneous beliefs, prejudices, or stereotypes about victims, perpetrators, and incidents of forced sexual intercourse. They carry dual implications of gender discrimination and tolerance toward sexual violence, influencing perceptions of forced sexual intercourse cases, rape proclivity, and the occurrence of such acts. Debunking these myths is a crucial strategy for preventing forced sexual intercourse. Rape myths are categorized into male and female rape myths. However, research on male rape myths remains relatively limited both domestically and internationally. Particularly in Taiwan, both the conceptual framework and measurement tools have been transplanted from the United States. This transplantation not only risks issues of cultural fit but also may prove ineffective as a tool for preventing and addressing rape within the local context. Therefore, this study aims to establish a conceptual framework and measurement scale for Chinese male rape myths.
Current research on sexual assault primarily focuses on cases where women are victims and men are perpetrators. In reality, however, a significant number of sexual assault victims are male. For instance, survey data from the United Kingdom and the United States indicate that 3% to 8% of adult men report having experienced sexual assault. A nationally representative survey in the United States revealed that only 29% of male victims sought medical or psychological treatment, with male victims reporting lower rates of police involvement compared to female victims. This highlights the incomplete scope of sexual assault research and the inadequate protection and medical support available to male victims.
Contemporary Taiwanese society, influenced by both traditional Chinese culture and modern Western culture, exhibits characteristics of dual cultural orientation. Numerous studies now explain the psychology and behavior of modern Chinese individuals through the dual cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism. In fact, the contrast between individualistic and collectivistic cultures was already described in Hsu (1953)’s Americans and Chinese. Dutch social psychologist Hofstede (1984) analyzed global survey data to examine cultural values, developing his Cultural Dimensions Theory. Individualism and collectivism represent key dimensions within this framework. Yang (1993) identified four sub-dimensions of Chinese social orientation: family orientation, relationship orientation, others orientation, and authority orientation. Yang (2008a) subsequently noted that Chinese society has now become a dual-cultural society characterized by both individualistic and collectivist orientations.
This study constructs the concept and scale of Chinese male rape myths based on the dual-cultural characteristics of Taiwanese society, proposing the following framework: (1) The concept of rape myths originated in Western societies. Although its connotations evolve with time and place, it remains part of the oppressive belief system within the conceptual framework of rape myths. It is associated with other oppressive beliefs such as sexism, racism, and homophobia. Therefore, it is predicted that Chinese male rape myths and Western male rape myths share significant conceptual overlap. (2) Chinese male rape myths reflect contemporary Chinese psychological and behavioral characteristics, divided into two categories: individual-oriented and socially-oriented myths. Contemporary Chinese individuals not only possess individual-oriented values such as pursuing personal achievement, happiness, and interests, but also exhibit socially-oriented psychological and behavioral characteristics, including valuing family, caring about others’evaluations, and pursuing collective achievement and well-being. In such circumstances, myths concerning individual orientation—such as promiscuous social circles, homosexual tendencies, the belief that it could never happen to men, or that the harm is insignificant—as well as myths concerning societal orientation—such as fear of others’contempt, loss of face, or family repercussions—may all arise. In Western societies where individual orientation prevails, the socially-oriented myths surrounding male rape do not exist.
In summary, this study establishes a localized concept and measurement scale for male rape myths within the framework of Chinese dual-cultural characteristics. This approach aligns with contemporary Chinese cultural characteristics and needs, aiming to raise awareness about men experiencing forced sexual intercourse and the stigma they endure. It seeks to dismantle existing myths, fostering accurate public understanding of male sexual assault and providing victims with care and support.
Methodologically, this study will employ an open-ended questionnaire to investigate Taiwanese citizens’perceptions of male victims of forced intercourse, conduct a conceptual analysis of rape myths targeting men, and draft preliminary scale items based on the findings. Subsequently, two closed-ended questionnaires will be administered, with statistical analysis procedures used to screen items and establish a Chinese Male Rape Myths Scale, its reliability and validity will be tested. The following sections detail each study. Study 1 surveyed 61 postgraduate students, with roughly equal numbers of men and women (same applies below), using an open-ended questionnaire to explore their views on men experiencing forced sexual intercourse. Study 2 developed a preliminary 104-item draft of the Male Rape Myths Scale based on the qualitative analysis results from Study 1. Subsequently, an anonymous self-report questionnaire surveyed 610 adult community members in Taiwan. Through exploratory factor analysis and item selection procedures, the final 22-item Chinese Male Rape Myths Scale was established, comprising four dimensions: Men who experience sexual assault have homosexual tendencies and it is not a serious matter; it is best not to disclose it publicly; stereotypes about perpetrators (high libido, sexual impulsivity, psychopathic tendencies); stereotypes about victims (subjected to others’strange looks, bringing dishonor to the family, exhibiting effeminate traits). The scale was validated for internal consistency reliability and demonstrated criterion-related validity. Study 3 re-examined the scale’s reliability and validity using a separate sample of 1,054 community-dwelling adults. Results demonstrated the scale possesses internal consistency and composite reliability, as well as construct validity, criterion-related validity, and predictive validity. Measurement invariance was verified across male and female samples. Taiwanese participants demonstrated higher acceptance of the Chinese Male Rape Myths Scale developed in this study compared to the Western scale, indicating its local relevance.