民粹右翼政黨於2014年歐洲議會選舉的興起與對歐洲統合的意涵

The Rise of Populist Right Parties in the 2014 European Parliament Election and Implications for European Integration

第八屆歐洲議會選舉於2014年5月在歐盟28個會員國中舉行，它被視為迄今最重要的歐洲議會選舉，不僅因為它是歐債危機後第一個所舉行的歐洲層級的選舉，也因為它是里斯本條約生效後第一個舉行的選舉。選舉結果顯示，反歐盟、反移民的民粹右翼政黨（populist right parties, PRPs）顯著興起而成為歐盟政治中的第三大政治勢力。本文的目的在於回答以下三個問題：一、為何在強調包容與多元文化的歐洲統合運動中，PRPs得以在此次歐洲議會選舉中興起;二、PRPs在此次選舉中的興起對歐洲統合傳達出何種訊息；三、決策者是否正確地解讀此一選舉結果並提出有效的政策回應?
檢視各式不同的理論觀點後，本文認為對主流政治建制的深刻幻滅與信任危機，此一觀點較能廣泛解釋此次歐洲議會選舉的整體圖像。同時，此一政治信任危機，是導因於歐盟長期以來忽略歐洲統合在過程中所產生的分配正義與公平的議題，而此一議題在歐債危機的不當治理之後變得更為惡化。因此，本文認為歐盟經濟治理應由目前著重的撙節，轉向為追求經濟復甦並同時關注建構一「社會的歐洲」（social Europe），以重新贏回選民對歐盟的信任。在評估歐盟目前所採取的政策回應措施後，一個「經濟的歐洲」（economic Europe）可望復甦，但「社會的歐洲」卻仍然被忽視。

The European Parliament (EP) election was held in May 2014 across 28 EU members. It was widely regarded as the most important election to date for it is the first post-euro crisis election at the European level and the first post-Lisbon Treaty election. The election outcome reveals that anti-EU; anti-immigration populist right parties (PRPs) gained significantly and became the third largest political force in the EU politics. This paper aims to answer, first, why PRPs can rise in the 2014 EP election where values of tolerance and multi-culturalism are the core of European integration; secondly, what messages were delivered from the election result to European integration, and thirdly, whether or not policy-makers read the messages right with right policy responses? After examining the competing interpretations, this paper argues that deep disillusion and trust crisis in the political establishment, deriving from the long neglect of deteriorating distributional justice and fairness of European integration and becoming acute after the euro crisis mismanagement, explain more comprehensively to the 2014 EP election results. This paper, accordingly, argues that policy redirection from austerity to economic recovery, and addressing to a“social Europe”at the same time are required to regain political trust in the EU. After assessing policy responses taken by the EU, an economic Europe is expected to revive, but a social Europe remains absent.