構思直觀：梁漱溟與柏格森的東西對話

Conceiving the Intuition: The East-West Dialogue Between Liang Shuming and Bergson

在《東西文化及其哲學》中，梁漱溟展現了對柏格森思想的認識，並且用以詮釋孔子的直觀哲學。一方面，我們理解到梁漱溟對柏格森思想的吸收與改造，另一方面，此作品開啟了中西思想關於直觀的對話。經由直觀的差異說法與運用，梁漱溟批判隱含在中西文化中難以察覺的論述盲點。梁漱溟同意柏格森把直觀視為認識的開端，引導理智發揮效用。不過，理智與直觀的區辨也導致梁漱溟與柏格森的思想分歧。對梁漱溟而言，直觀作為一種哲學方法背反於科學方法，然而柏格森卻嘗試把直觀納入科學認識，前者傾向二元對立，後者則更接近透過區辨來描摹相互擴充的整體性思想。梁漱溟認為直觀把握的並非客體而是主觀感受，個人情感佐證了直觀與現實世界的關係，柏格森卻認為直觀的價值在於主客共感，它既非主觀亦非客觀，而是化為一致的行動彰顯世界的整體性。不同的見解也呈顯在兩者對直觀的應用，梁漱溟著眼於直觀作為道德實踐的指引，柏格森則把直觀視為一切認識的根源，呈現兩者的差異則有助於本論文理解中西思想的多樣性與共通性所在。

In his Eastern and Western Culture and Philosophy, Liang Shuming exhibits his understanding of Bergson’s thought and uses it to interpret Confucius’ intuitive philosophy. On the one hand, one can understand Liang’s absorption and transformation of Bergson’s thoughts; on the other hand, his work opens a dialogue between Chinese and Western intuitive thoughts. Through the different expressions and applications of intuition, Liang criticized the blind points of discourse that remain difficult to detect in Chinese and Western cultures. Liang accords with Bergson by contending that intuition was the beginning of knowledge, guiding intelligence to work. However, the distinction between reason and intuition leads also to thinking differences between Liang and Bergson. In Liang’s view, intuition as a philosophical method is contrary to the scientific method, whilst in Bergson, he attempts to incorporate intuition into scientific knowledge. The former has a tendency to binary opposition, while the latter is closer to describing a whole philosophy which can be mutually extended through distinction. Liang contends that what intuition grasps is not the object but the subjective feelings, while personal emotions demonstrate the relationship between intuition and the real world. However, Bergson contends that the value of intuition lies in the sympathy between subject and object, which, neither subjective nor objective, reveals the integrity of the world through its transformation into consistent actions. The different perspectives can also be discerned from the two thinker’s use of intuition: Liang focused on intuition as a guide to moral practice, while Bergson regarded intuition as the source of all knowledge. Comparing the differences between the perspectives between the two thinkers helps one understand the differences and commonalities between Chinese and Western ideas.