離清源而就濁流：論《西遊記》妖魔形象及家庭倫理意識

Degenerate into Evil: The Images of the Demons and the Consciousness of Family Ethics in Journey to the West

《西遊記》作為修身之寓言，西天路途上出沒的精怪，往往被視為五聖心中的魔障，是「惡」的動物慾化身，但鮮少有人從倫理的角度去探索他們的存在意義。事實上，相對於取經隊伍內部不和諧的聲音，妖魔們常以結義、分享的方式，展現出親密的家庭倫理意識，這本身不啻是一種諷刺。至於六耳獼猴、牛魔王的形象，凸顯了孫悟空對家園的責任匱缺；接近靈山之前，婀娜多姿的女怪趁虛而入，則鬆動了唐僧「見性明心」的感悟境界。本文認為，正是在妖邪以化外（山洞、江湖）為家的自由追求、對家庭的情感與依偎，使之烘襯了五聖對於「家」的剝離，而且在故事的尾聲，朝聖者對於家園的眷戀，進一步強化了這層對比。佛教徒往往被稱之為「出家人」，但出家者（五聖）與在家者（妖魔）的情感聯繫程度，似乎出現了某些道德的縫隙。在孫大聖一棒打殺妖邪的簡單敘事下，或可抽絲剝繭地挖掘出更複雜的道德邊緣人物，如何蘊藏著使讀者共鳴的「人性」光輝。

In the past, the demons in Journey to the West were often seen as obstacles to the spiritual journey of the Five Sages, with only are a few people discussing their significance from an ethical point of view. In fact, the demons are not only are willing to share Tang Monk meat with their elders but also have a strong brotherhood, which demonstrates a close sense of family ethics in contrast to the disharmony prevalent in the team to collect scriptures. Furthermore, the description of the Six Eared Macaque and the Bull Demon King emphasises the lack of parental responsibility of the Monkey King. In addition, before arriving at Lingshan, the appearance of Lady Earth Flow and the Jade Rabbit tarnished the moral realm of Tang Sanzang’s ‘Seeing the Nature and Understanding the Mind’. The demons’ feelings about the family and the struggles of monks between leaving and loving home should be related to the question of the moral evaluation.This perspective offers an opportunity to delve into more complex characters on the edge of morality and explore their human side that resonates with readers, as seen in the simple story of slaughtering demons by Sun Dasheng.