《春秋經》、《左傳》謚「莊」之君探析——兼論春秋已具立謚標準

An Investigation of the Posthumous Title “Zhuang” in Chunqiu and Zuozhuan, with a further discussion on the standards for posthumous titles during the Spring and Autumn Period

本文據《春秋經》、《左傳》為主要範圍，分析周莊王、鄭莊公、許莊公、宋莊公、陳莊公、曹莊公、魯莊公、蔡莊公、楚莊王、齊莊公、邾莊公、衛後莊公等十二位天子與諸侯之行迹與推論其謚「莊」之由。在可重複匹配情況下，有八位趨近《逸周書．謚法》「叡通克服曰莊」之行誼，一位類同「屢征□伐曰莊」之事蹟，二位符合「武而不遂曰莊」之條件。清人王念孫讀謚號「莊」為「壯」，上皆三種行迹皆表現勇壯精神，符合「壯」字之意。另有三君事蹟與〈謚法〉五項行迹不類，援以《周易．大壯》闡釋，知三人乃「疾於事而略於謀」者。三君所疾之事既害國害己而仍得莊謚，推知為其議謚者應存隱惡揚善之用心。春秋時代謚「莊」之君即以勇壯為核心概念，已具明確立謚標準。

Based on the records found in the Chunqiu and Zuozhuan, this article discusses the deeds of twelve Monarchs and Vassals who were given the posthumous title “Zhuang”, it aims to answer the question why they were named thus. These were Zhou Zhuang Wang, Zheng Zhuang Gong, Xu Zhuang Gong, Song Zhuang Gong, Chen Zhuang Gong, Cao Zhuang Gong, Lu Zhuang Gong, Cai Zhuang Gong, Chu Zhuang Wang, Qi Zhuang Gong, Zhu Zhuang Gong and Wei Hou Zhuang Gong. In the case of repeatable matching, eight of them that can be associated with the notion of “Rui tong ke fu yue zhuang” in “Shi Fa” in Yi Zhou Shu; one is akin to the deeds of “Lu zheng □ fa yue zhuang” and two fit the conditions of “Wu er busui yue zhuang”. Wang Nian-Sun (Qing Dynasty) reads the posthumous title “zhuang”(莊) as “zhuang”(壯), and all of the three deeds listed above show the spirit of bravery, which is in line with the meaning of “zhuang”(壯). However, there are three Monarchs who seem to have been rather hurried than wise. This kind of deed is different from the five moral deeds mentioned in “Shi Fa”. In this case, we need to cite the explanation from “Da Zhuang” in Zhou Yi. They had been involved in actions that harmed their states and even themselves. Nevertheless, they still were given the posthumous title “zhuang”. It may be inferred that those who discussed and determined posthumous titles did so with the intention of concealing evil and promoting good. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Monarchs whobore the posthumous title “zhuang” had all been primarily associated with the key value of “bravery”; this fact also provided a clear standard for the choice of their posthumous title.