地火明夷：黃宗羲的盼望

Light and Dark Amid the Earthly Fire: On Huang Zongxi’s Hope

十七世紀的明清之際是特殊的歷史階段，它上接理學階段，下啟二十世紀初期的中國現代文化，黃宗羲是代表人物之一。黃宗羲是劉宗周弟子，兩人分屬不同的學術典範，劉宗周是正統心學，黃宗羲之學則可歸為理學第三系的氣學。他與同代的王夫之、方以智、呂留良共同推動新的學術轉向，他們的學問開啟了中國現代性的先聲。黃宗羲的《明夷待訪錄》質疑秦漢以後的政治制度，對君、臣、法、學校的性質重作規定。他也提出了承繼良知教的情論，重新思考情的本體論意義。黃宗羲之學對清末民初的思潮頗有影響，構成了中西混合現代性中重要的一環。

The Ming-Qing transition during the seventeenth century was an exceptional historical period, one that inherited Neo-Confucianism trends [in Chinese intellectual life] that came before it, while also serving as a catalyst for modern Chinese culture in the early 20th century. Huang Zongxi, a student of Liu Tongzhou, is one of representative figures from this time period. Liu and Huang are two different kinds of intellectual paragons. Liu was a representative of the orthodox study of the heart-mind, while Huang can be classified as being part of the the ''third current'' of Neo-Confucianism, which concerned itself with the study of Qi (energy, force). Along with scholars Wang Fuzhi, Fang Yizhe, and Lǚ Liuliang, Huang pushed scholarship of his era into new directions. Indeed, the scholarship of these four intellectuals can be understood as providing the first sounding notes of Chinese modernity. In his masterwork Waiting for the Dawn: A Plan for the Prince (Ming Yi Daifang Lu), Huang provided a critique of the political authoritarianism that had defined Chinese political life since Qin-Han times, providing a critical re-thinking of such core concepts as the prince, minister, law, and schools. He also provided a discourse on emotion that centered around inheriting and nurturing moral conscience, providing an important rethinking of the ontological meaning of emotion. Huang Zongxi's scholarship had tremendous influence on intellectual trends in the late Qing and early Republican periods, emerging as one of the fundamental dimensions of a syncretic Chinese modernity [envisioned during that time] which combined Sino and Western resources.