試由張家山336號漢墓《功令》看秦及漢初「令史」性質之漸變

The Evolution of“Ling shi”in the Late Qin and Early Han Dynasties from Gong ling of Zhangjiashan Tomb 336

本文以張家山336號墓《功令》為中心，探討秦及漢初「令史」性質的變化，及其背後隱含的體制發展意義。首先，綜合里耶、嶽麓秦簡、張家山247號墓《二年律令》等史料，以及前賢的研究成果指出，秦代的「史」具有疇官屬性，在培訓及遷轉途徑上，都與來自一般平民的「佐」分途。此時的「令史」，是「史」仕途上的重要職務之一。但是在秦國急速擴張後，由中央培訓並遷轉「史」於全國各地的舊制，無法供應新的官吏需求，在各地都發生了官吏的短缺。不僅如此，還導致史學童因不願遠離家鄉而故意不通過資格考試，以及官吏詐偽避吏的風潮。《功令》顯示，繼起的漢朝頻繁地調整官吏的任命與遷轉制度，將令史等史職的任命權逐步下放給地方長吏。在此過程中，「令史」的疇官特性逐步被削減，縣令史逐漸轉變為純粹的地方屬吏。這個趨勢為嚴耕望所論——漢代以「元首型地方長官」為中心的行政體制——奠定了進一步的基礎。

Focusing on Gong ling功令(Ordinances on Merit) unearthed from Tomb 336 at Zhangjiashan, the present article explores the changes in the nature of“ling shi”令史, a kind of low-ranking bureaucrat, in the Qin and early Han dynasties, as well as the significance of its underlying systemic development. This article first summarizes related historical materials, namely bamboo slips, from the Qin and early Han as well as previous scholarship, indicating that“shi”史in the Qin was hereditary and that they were distinguished from“zuo”佐, who originated as commoners, in terms of training and channels for promotion. At that time,“ling shi”was one of the most important duties within the official career of“shi.”But after the rapid expansion of the Qin state, the old system of centralized training and transferring“shi”to different parts of the state was unable to supply the new demand for officials. Moreover, there was a trend of“shi”students deliberately not passing their exams to avoid being transferred to distant posts. Gong ling shows that the Han dynasty in response frequently adjusted the system of appointing and transferring officials, gradually decentralizing the power of appointment to local officials. The hereditary nature of“ling shi”was also slowly reduced, with the title being transformed into that of an ordinary local official. This institutional evolution ultimately laid the foundation for a system centered on the local magistrate.