網路時代之秘密通訊自由與網路通訊監察之正當法律程序——兼歐洲人權法院防止濫權最低要求保障之介紹與適用（下）

The Right to Secrecy of Communication, Internet Communications Surveillance, and Due Process of Law in the Age of Internet: Lessons from The ECtHR’s ‘Minimum-Safeguards-Against-Abuse’ Test

長久以來，秘密通訊自由即是人民防止國家機關刺探與蒐集其郵件與電話內容之基本權利。進入網路時代後，隨著行動上網普及，網路通訊監察之重要性日益提升。特別是，於防制重大犯罪與維護國家安全領域，國家機關逐漸將重心由目標性電話監控移轉到網路上各種資料。面對國家機關日漸擴張之秘密通訊監察權力，本文嘗試透過秘密通訊自由與通訊監察發展脈絡來探討網路通訊監察之正當法律程序。 為了論述網路時代秘密通訊自由之內涵，本文首先概述秘密通訊自由之緣起與保護範圍，接著分析司法院釋字第631號解釋，歸納出隱私權概念下之秘密通訊自由具有「個人生活私密領域」與「個人資料之自主控制」兩個面向意涵。本文主張應加入隱私權概念而擴大秘密通訊自由保護範圍，以兩者相結合之通訊隱私權，作為憲法第12條秘密通訊自由之內涵。之後以此立論分別就各種類型之網路通訊資料，探討可能受到國家機關干預之樣態與相對應秘密通訊自由內涵。再者，對應網路時代新型態網路通訊，應針對不同網路通訊資料與干預方式，平衡秘密通訊自由、隱私權與國家安全、犯罪預防與追訴利益，以便在立法上依據國家機關不同干預行為設計不同的授權依據，以符合正當法律程序之要求。 在探討網路通訊監察正當法律程序問題上，本文參考歐洲人權法院對傳統電話通訊監察，乃至網路通訊監察與情報共享所提出防止濫權最低要求之保障。本文並於最後檢討現行通訊保障及監察法關於網路通訊監察相關規定是否符合此最低要求之保障，以及如何修法以符合此一要求。

The right to secrecy of communication has long served as the safeguard against governmental intrusion. In modern era, governments shift their attention from targeted wiretapping to the access to the data processed and transmitted by electronic communication providers in order to cope with serious crimes and national security threat. Facing the expanded surveillance capacity of governments, it is needed to discuss the due process of law for communications surveillance in the age of Internet. This paper first summarizes the origins and the scope of the protection of the right to secrecy of communication, and then reviews the implication of J.Y. Interpretation No. 631 for the right to secrecy of communication in the internet communications context. Secondly, in search for the due process of law for internet communications surveillance, this paper is devoted to explore the ‘minimum-safeguards-against-abuse’ test in ECtHR case laws. It requires the procedures to be followed and the conditions to be fulfilled in order to conduct communications surveillance in accordance with necessity and proportionality requirements. Lastly, it reviews Taiwan communications surveillance Act relating to communication surveillance over the internet in light of the minimum requirements that should be set out in law in order to effectively protect against the risk of abuse.