公民教育中的憲政體制：評析當前高中關於憲政體制的教科書內容

Constitutional System in Civic Education: Examining the Current Senior High School Textbook Content on the Constitutional System

在教育部所訂「一○八課綱」的指引與要求下，當前普通高中「公民與社會」此一科目皆須介紹當代民主國家的憲政體制。本文檢視在當前課綱的框限下，普通高中「公民與社會」各版本公民教科書如何呈現民主國家憲政體制的內涵，以及各版本公民教科書如何向全國高中生介紹我國的憲政體制。 本文發現，目前各版本公民教科書對於世界上民主國家與我國憲政體制的介紹，至少有五項值得檢討之處：首先，教科書中對民主國家憲政體制的介紹完全忽略半總統制，呈現了當代民主國家憲政體制僅有內閣制與總統制兩大類型的錯誤圖像。第二，教科書在論及民主國家憲政體制普遍遵循的權力分立原則與內閣制的權力融和特徵時，前後的論述邏輯不夠清楚。第三，教科書將虛位元首與實權元首作為內閣制與總統制的首要特徵，容易讓人誤以為實權或虛位元首是內閣制與總統制的主要判準。第四，教科書對內閣制中解散國會制度的介紹過於簡化而造成誤導，對我國解散國會制度的介紹也語焉不詳。第五，教科書對我國憲政體制隱含負面評價，對我國憲政體制中「總統有權無責，行政院長有責無權」的批評也有待商榷。本文藉由檢視並評析高中公民課程中關於憲政體制的學習內容，希望能夠提升高中公民教育的授課品質。

Under the guidance and requirements of the Ministry of Education's 108 curriculum guidelines, the subject of ''Citizenship and Society'' in current general senior high schools must introduce the constitutional systems of contemporary democratic countries. This paper examines how various versions of the textbooks present the essence of constitutional systems in democratic countries and introduce our country's constitutional system to senior high school students nationwide within the constraints of the current curriculum guidelines. The paper finds at least five aspects of the current versions of the textbooks that are worth reviewing: First, the introduction of constitutional systems in democratic countries in the textbooks completely overlooks the semi-presidential system, presenting an erroneous image that contemporary democratic countries have only two types of constitutional systems, parliamentary and presidential systems. Second, it is insufficient to have logical coherence in discussing the principle of power separation commonly followed in democratic countries and the power fusion characteristic of parliamentary systems. Third, it may lead to the misconception that the presence or absence of executive powers is the main criterion for distinguishing parliamentary and presidential systems when presenting ceremonial heads of state and executive heads of state as their primary characteristics respectively. Fourth, the introduction of the dissolution of parliament in parliamentary systems is overly simplified, leading to misconceptions, and so is the introduction of our Taiwan's parliamentary dissolution system. Fifth, the textbooks imply a negative evaluation of Taiwan's constitutional system, and the criticism of ''the president having power without accountability, and the premier having accountability without power'' in our constitutional system also requires further discussion. Through examining and analyzing the learning content on constitutional systems in the citizenship courses, this paper hopes to improve the quality of civic education in senior high school.