各國身心障礙者與危勞職務工作者老人年金制度之比較研究

Comparative Perspectives on Pension Systems for Persons with Disabilities, Hazardous Occupation Workers, and the Elderly

年金制度對於勞工老年經濟安全至關重要，也是各國推動社會福利政策的重點項目。本文聚焦於我國身心障礙者與危勞職務工作者在提早退休與年金制度上的困境，指出現行身心障礙者權益保障法、勞工保險條例或國民年金法等規範尚未能充分反映工作能力受限者的實際需要。身心障礙者長期面臨就業歧視、工時受限與勞保年資不足等問題，導致其即便提前離職，亦難以符合年金請領資格；而危勞職務工作者則因長期暴露於高風險環境，提早喪失工作能力，卻無配套之職涯轉銜與合理的退休制度，造成保障斷層。 本文聚焦於英國、德國、瑞典、法國、日本及韓國等國家對身心障礙者與危勞工作者提早退休與年金制度之設計與實務運作。英國透過工作能力評估決定是否提前進入支援性福利制度；德國設有「部分失能年金」，依工作能力損失比例給付；瑞典採取彈性退休與職能導向制度，重視職場再設計與支持；法國對高風險職種提供特別退休制度與轉職安排；日本依工作能力等級決定障礙年金給付，制度嚴謹；韓國則在工傷保險體系下，對危勞與失能者提供職能復健與就業支援。各國制度皆重視功能評估與個別化保障，值得我國借鏡。 本文在問題研析中發現，我國身心障礙者及危勞工作者於退休與年金制度中所面臨之挑戰，包括現行年金制度缺乏對危勞職業特殊性的辨識與保障，無法反映其長期暴露於高風險環境所造成的健康損耗與提前退場需求。其次，身心障礙者常因就業不穩定、年資不足，導致無法請領足額年金，保障落差嚴重。又因為失能與障礙鑑定體系分立，認定標準不一，且多偏向醫療導向，忽視實際生活與工作功能，故建議應推動形成全面的社會保障網絡，減少勞保基金獨自面臨的壓力。其次，針對危勞職務工作者提早退離職場，建議應建立一套全面且具有針對性的法律和政策框架加以保護。再者，針對身心障礙者提早退離職場，則認為契需整合多方面的法律和政策措施來提供全方位的保障和支援。另針對身心失能評估等制度，則認為應借鑒國際經驗重新檢視，制定出更為完善和科學的制度。 最後，在結論部分，本文總結了研究發現並強調各國身心障礙者與危勞職務工作者年金制度比較研究的迫切性和重要性，只有通過持續的制度創新和政策調整，才能夠建立起一個公平、可持續且具備抵禦未來風險能力的年金保障體系，推動我國年金制度向更加公平和高效的方向發展。

The article examines the pension and early retirement systems for such groups in the UK, Germany, Sweden, France, Japan, and South Korea. The UK uses work capacity assessments to determine eligibility for support-based welfare; Germany offers “partial disability pensions” based on the degree of work capacity loss; Sweden emphasizes flexible retirement and function-oriented approaches with workplace redesign and support; France provides special retirement systems and career transition measures for high-risk occupations; Japan allocates disability pensions based on graded work capacity levels; and South Korea, under its occupational injury insurance system, supports vocational rehabilitation and reemployment for both hazardous and disabled workers. These countries all emphasize function-based assessments and individualized protections, offering valuable models for Taiwan. In the problem analysis section, the article identifies several challenges in Taiwan’s current pension system. These include a lack of recognition and protection for hazardous occupations, insufficient pension eligibility due to unstable employment for persons with disabilities, and fragmented disability assessment systems that overly rely on medical criteria while ignoring real-life functional capacities. The article recommends forming a comprehensive social protection network to alleviate the burden on labor insurance alone. It also advocates for a targeted legal and policy framework for hazardous workers and an integrated approach to provide full-spectrum protection and support for disabled individuals. Furthermore, it calls for reforming the disability assessment system by drawing on international experience to establish a more scientific and robust framework. Finally, the article concludes by emphasizing the urgency and importance of comparing international pension systems for persons with disabilities and hazardous occupation workers. Only through ongoing institutional innovation and policy reform can Taiwan build a fair, sustainable, and future-resilient pension system, moving toward greater equity and efficiency.