大洋性海豚親緣地理研究現況與展望：以真瓶鼻海豚為例

An overview and perspective on the phylogeographic studies of oceanic delphinids: a case analysis for common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

海豚科（Delphinidae）包含38個物種，為現生海洋哺乳動物中多樣性最高的類群。現生所有的大洋性海豚（oceanic delphinids），均為海豚科的物種。由於大洋性海豚分布範圍廣、又多以遠洋海域為主要棲地，因此除了少數明星物種如虎鯨（Orcinus orca）、真瓶鼻海豚（Tursiops truncatus）外，觀察資料或採集樣本均不完整。本研究短報以資料相對齊全的真瓶鼻海豚為例，回顧其親緣地理學和基因體學的最新研究進展，著重其分類系統之動態變化。過去的分類標準僅認可兩個瓶鼻海豚屬（Tursiops sp.）物種，即真瓶鼻海豚與印太洋瓶鼻海豚（T. aduncus），而最新研究確認第三個物種，即坦氏瓶鼻海豚（T. erebennus）。同時，真瓶鼻海豚內部可再細分出四個在地理上具有特殊性的亞種或生態型。透過討論多樣化的親緣關係和族群結構，本研究提供瓶鼻海豚保育的基礎知識，並探討全球氣候變遷下，真瓶鼻海豚乃至於小型鯨豚未來可能面臨的全球性和在地性族群發展趨勢與挑戰。

The family Delphinidae, containing 38 species, is the most diverse group among extant marine mammals. All living oceanic dolphins belong to this family. Due to their extensive distribution and primary habitats in offshore waters, observation data or sample collections from oceanic dolphins are mostly patchy, with the exception of a few relatively well-studied species, such as the killer whale (Orcinus orca) and common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). This mini review focuses on the common bottlenose dolphin, a species with relatively comprehensive data, to study recent advancements in its phylogeography and genomics, particularly emphasizing the dynamic changes in its classification. Traditionally, only two species within the genus Tursiops were recognized: the common bottlenose dolphin and the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T. aduncus). However, recent studies have confirmed a third species, the Tamanend’s bottlenose dolphin (T. erebennus). Additionally, four geographically distinctive subspecies or ecotypes have been identified within the common bottlenose dolphin. Through discussing the diverse phylogenetic relationships and population structures, this study not only provides foundational knowledge for bottlenose dolphin conservation, but also explores the potential global and local population trends and challenges for the common bottlenose dolphin and other small cetaceans under global climate change.