國際投資法中的投資者人權盡責義務：現狀與進路

Investors'Human Rights Due Diligence Obligations in International Investment Law: Current Situation and Approach

將人權盡責作為一項投資者義務引入國際投資法有助於保障東道國正常行使監管權力，降低人權風險。雖然目前已有多國在其雙邊投資條約垯本中加入或更新有關投資者人權盡責義務的規定，但已締結國際投資協定中涉及該項義務的條款通常不具備約束力。事實上，通過對既往涉及投資者盡責行事的仲裁裁決進行分析，人權盡責義務至少能夠通過影響仲裁庭管轄權、案件可受理性、責任分配以及引起東道國反訴四條路徑促使投資者尊重和保護東道國人權。但礙於標準模糊與條款缺失等現實因素，上述功能的實現仍存在較強不確定性。故應基於締約方國內法及相關國際法構建相對統一的投資者人權盡責義務標準，明確該項義務的法律屬性，並結合作用路徑在國際投資協定中補充完善具體條款內容。中國作為對外投資和利用外資的大國，有必要將企業社會責任條款納入未來雙邊投資條約談判，推動實現國際投資領域人權與發展的協調統一。

Introducing human rights due diligence (HRDD) as the investors' obligation in international investment law can help to safeguard the proper exercise of regulatory powers by host States and mitigate human rights risks. While many states have incorporated or updated related HRDD provisions in their model bilateral investment treaties, the provisions of international investment agreements (IIAs) in force that address this obligation are generally not binding. Indeed, by analyzing past awards in international investment arbitrations involving investor due diligence, HRDD obligation can motivate investors to protect human rights in the host State through at least four paths: by affecting the jurisdiction of the tribunal, the admissibility of the claim, the allocation of liability, and by giving rise to counterclaims by the host State. However, the realization of these functions is highly uncertain due to the practical factors such as ambiguous standards and inadequacy of specific provisions. Therefore, based on domestic laws and relevant international norms, a relatively uniform standard of investors'HRDD should be constructed. And it is also important to clarify the legal attributes of this obligation and to improve the specific provisions in IIAs in accordance with the path of its functioning. For China, as a major two-way country in terms of outward investment and the use of foreign direct investment, it is necessary to include the corporate social responsibility clauses in the negotiations of the bilateral investment treaties so as to promote coherence between human rights and development in international investment.