兜底條款的法理透析與設置技術

An Analysis of the Legal Rationality and Drafting Techniques of Catch-All Provisions

兜底條款是以一個條文前面列舉的各項規定為典型情形，對剩餘的次要事項，以含有“其他”的命題式語句，體現為法律文本層次結構“項”的總括規定。基於良法標准對法律中兜底條款進行觀察，可以發現諸多不盡如人意之處:“兜”“底”錯配，外觀標識不清，列舉層次過少，主次地位混同。兜底條款是個複雜的法律現象，並不是非此即彼、非黑即白的選擇，需要在多元的法律價值目標面前，運用法律智慧，尋找一個合適的平衡點。兜底條款有著特定的規範結構、功能定位，也有著相應的技術規範。兜底條款的設置，應當編入立法技術規範，選擇疏密適度的“過濾網”，經過充分細緻的立法論證，採取與時俱進的動態調整。

Catch-all provisions typically address the residual, minor matters not covered by the main provisions of a legal text, using propositional statements containing the word“other”to form an overarching clause at the hierarchical“item”level of the legal document. Observing existing catch-all provisions in current laws based on the standard of good legislation reveals several shortcomings: mismatch between scope and depth, unclear external markers, insufficient levels of enumeration, and confusion between primary and secondary status. Catch-all provisions represent a complex legal phenomenon; they are not binary choices but rather require legal wisdom to strike a balance among diverse and even contradictory legal values. They have specific normative structures, functional positions, and corresponding technical specifications. The design of catch - all provisions should be incorporated into legislative technical standards, using an appropriately dense“filter”chosen. At the same time, we should proceed thorough legislative reasoning and adopt dynamic adjustments in line with contemporary developments.