除斥期間的刑法意義

民事法關於除斥期間的規定，是要儘快消除民事主體之間權利義務的不確定或不便利的狀態，以明晰民事法律關係，謀求民事關係的安定。刑法上具有意義的除斥期間，僅限於可撤銷的民事法律行為，且當除斥期間屆滿，行為人實施了可能在刑法上產生影響的行為或獲得了相關利益，才具有探討價值。基於法秩序統一性原理，除斥期間屆滿，行為人後續行為即不具行為不法，也不產生結果不法的效果。除斥期間的本質在於風險分配，最終目的是明確責任歸屬。當除斥期間屆滿，權利人即喪失實體性權利，相應後果自然由權利人承擔。這樣，在刑法理論體系中，除斥期間位於因果關係領域，功能是附條件不歸責。責任阻卻說與客觀處罰條件說均有忽視其他法領域法律效果的問題，有違法秩序統一性原理。

The statutory exclusion period in civil law aims to promptly eliminate uncertainties or inconveniences in the rights and obligations of civil subjects, thereby clarifying legal relationships and ensuring stability in civil affairs. In criminal law, the relevance of the exclusion period is limited to voidable civil legal acts and is only meaningful when, upon its expiration, the individual has engaged in conduct that may have criminal law implications or has gained relevant benefits. Under the principle of legal order unity, once the exclusion period expires, the individual's subsequent conduct does not constitute unlawful behavior nor does it produce a result-based illegality effect. The essence of the exclusion period lies in risk allocation, with the ultimate goal of clarifying responsibility attribution. Upon its expiration, the rights holder loses substantive rights, and the corresponding consequences are borne by them. Within the criminal law framework, the exclusion period belongs to the domain of causality, functioning as a conditionally exempting factor for attribution. The theory of responsibility preclusion and the theory of objective punishment conditions both fail to account for the legal effects in other legal domains, thereby violating the principle of legal order unity.