論人工智能致損的特殊侵權責任規則

人工智能侵權責任認定與承擔是人工智能立法的重點與難點之一。產品責任路徑並不能有效回應人工智能應用侵權引發的過錯與因果關係證明、新型損害界定以及責任主體確定三大挑戰。人工智能侵權責任立法應在過錯責任的基礎上，修補式配置專門條款，紓解被侵權人在責任成立與承擔上的舉證壓力。被侵權人只有借助對人工智能研發記錄、活動日誌等文件的訪問，才能克服信息不對稱帶來的舉證障礙。立法應規定證據開示規則，規定人工智能相關主體在一定條件下的信息披露義務，為法院發佈書證提出命令提供實體法基礎。人工智能時代對虛擬損害的救濟，與其擴張物質性損害的邊界，不若摒棄精神損害賠償的嚴重性要件，轉采“顯著性”標準。為了減輕人工智能商品消費者的因果關係證明負擔，立法應確定特定條件下的因果關係推定規則。當損害確定地因義務違反行為而發生，只是責任源頭難以查清時，同一商業技術單元成員應對損害承擔連帶責任。

The determination and assumption of liability for artificial intelligence (AI) infringement are among the key and challenging issues in AI legislation. The product liability approach fails to effectively address three major challenges posed by AI-related infringements: proof of fault and causation, the definition of new types of damages, and the identification of liable parties. AI infringement liability legislation should be based on fault liability while incorporating specialized supplementary provisions to alleviate the evidentiary burden on the infringed party in establishing and assuming liability. The infringed party can only overcome the evidentiary barriers caused by information asymmetry by accessing AI development records, activity logs, and other relevant documents. Legislation should establish evidence disclosure rules and impose information disclosure obligations on AI-related entities under certain conditions, providing a substantive legal basis for courts to issue orders for document production. Regarding the redress of virtual damages in the AI era, rather than expanding the scope of material damages, it would be preferable to abandon the strict requirement of “seriousness” for mental damages and adopt a “significance” standard instead. To reduce the burden of proving causation for AI product consumers, legislation should establish causation presumption rules under specific conditions. When damages are definitively caused by a breach of obligation but the exact source of liability is difficult to ascertain, all members of the same commercial and technological unit should bear joint and several liability for the damages.