公安撤回案件程序的理論反思

長期以來，公安撤回案件程序都是審查起訴階段的第四條道路。特質上，它是一種趨利避害型的隱形規範、互惠協作型的辦案模式和政策實施型的訴訟程序。撤回案件程序之所以屢禁不止，歸根結底是因為它在職權視域下展現出來的實踐理性，即以非正式溝通提升被層級過濾制約的辦案效率，以暫緩式處理促進被正當程序掣肘的真實發現，以非刑罰化過濾恢復被刑事犯罪擾亂的法和平。若以權利思維分析，撤回案件程序正在發生功能異化，即致使公訴決定退變為偵查處置，權力失範轉嫁為權利受損，“案結事了”滑落為報復性追訴。從相對合理的未來範式出發，理念上應力圖實現撤回案件程序的“回歸”，路徑上需要構建檢察主導的開放性模式，規範公安撤回案件的法定程序以及優化司法績效考核機制。

For a long time, the procedure for public security authorities to withdraw cases has served as the“fourth path”during the review and prosecution stage. In essence, it is a profit-seeking and harmavoiding implicit norm, a reciprocal and collaborative case-handling model, and a policy-driven litigation procedure. The persistence of the case withdrawal procedure, despite repeated prohibitions, ultimately stems from the practical rationality it exhibits within the scope of authority: using informal communication to enhance case-handling efficiency constrained by hierarchical filtering, employing deferred handling to facilitate truth discovery hindered by due process, and restoring legal peace disrupted by criminal offenses through non-punitive filtering. However, from a rights-based perspective, the case withdrawal procedure is undergoing functional distortion, leading to the degeneration of prosecutorial decisions into investigative dispositions, the transference of power irregularities into infringements on rights, and the reduction of“case closure and resolution”into retaliatory prosecutions. Looking toward a relatively reasonable future paradigm, the approach should aim for the“restoration”of the case withdrawal procedure in principle, while structurally establishing a prosecutor-led open model, standardizing the statutory procedures for case withdrawal by public security authorities, and optimizing the judicial performance evaluation mechanism.