賄賂罪中的職務行為概念──以「國民主權」法益作為詮釋基準

The Concept of Official Duty in Bribery: Interpreting Based on the Legal Good of“National Sovereignty”

本文旨在提出賄賂罪「職務上行為」要件的合理解釋。多數意見認為職務行為包括公務員的法定職權及與其具有特定關聯的行為。然而，這些解釋方式忽略了賄賂罪保護法益的相關論述，既無法支撐處罰賄賂行為之合理性，也無法導引職務行為的解釋。
既有見解中提到的「職務行為之無償性」、「忠誠義務」、「公務純粹性」與「信賴」等說法，都不具備充作賄賂罪保護法益的合理性。為此，本文主張以國民主權作為賄賂罪的保護法益，強調國民主權概念內涵中的國民自我統治原則，要求法效力來自於受其約束者共同制定。而要達成此原則，制度上必須具有引進各種專業的、日常的理由進入程序的認識性特徵，以及讓參與者能藉由理由相互說理／質疑／被說服，亦即在規範層次被理解為自我治理的規範性特徵。
基此，賄賂行為的不法定性在於破壞國民主權實踐，也就是侵害了民主體制相互說理關係中的認識性和規範性面向。在此框架下，法定職權說之中的一般職務權限說是詮釋職務行為概念的合理標準。

The purpose of this article is to propose a reasonable interpretation of the“official duty”element in bribery. The majority opinion holds that official duties include both the legal authority of public officials and behaviors specifically related to such duties. However, these interpretations overlook the discussion related to the legal good of bribery, failing to support the rationale for punishing bribery and guiding the interpretation of official duties.
Traditional notions such as the“gratuitousness of official duties”,“duty of loyalty”,“purity of public service”, and“trust”do not reasonably serve as the legal good of bribery offenses. Hence, this article advocates for the protection of national sovereignty as the legal good safeguarded by bribery offenses, emphasizing the principle of self-governance within the concept of national sovereignty. This principle requires that the legitimacy of laws stems from their creation by those whom they govern. To achieve this, there must be institutional features that allow various professional and everyday reasons to enter the procedural framework, as well as enable participants to engage in reasoning, questioning, and persuasion—understood at the normative level as features of self-governance.
Based on this, the illegality of bribery lies in its disruption of the practice of national sovereignty, specifically infringing on both the epistemic and normative aspects of the reciprocal justificatory relationships within a democratic system. Within this framework, the general official authority theory under the legal authority explanation is deemed the sole reasonable standard for interpreting the concept of official duties.