武器與獵具之間：戰後初期國家管控山地獵槍過程之探究（1945-1956）

Between Weapons and Tools: State Regulation of Indigenous Hunting Rifles in Early Postwar Taiwan (1945-1956)

本文主要透過戰後政府所留存的檔案，梳理戰後初期國民黨政府如何管控臺灣原住民的槍枝使用。發現大致可分成幾個階段：首先是二戰結束、政權轉換之際，原住民開始回復私造槍械的慣習，臺灣省行政長官公署一度想要全面收繳原住民的私槍，但實務上發現原住民特殊的獵槍文化，因此開始承繼日治時期的制度，並研擬山地獵槍彈的借用與給予辦法，但很快發生二二八事件，該辦法並未完成。第二階段為二二八事件發生後，國民黨政府為了防範平地參與事件者潛入山區，將原住民視為重要的協力者，希望能協助事件後的綏靖與清鄉。因此，為使原住民協助收繳流入山區的武器，特別允許原住民的獵槍不必繳收，視為生活所必需之獵具。另一個階段，則為國民黨政府在中國大陸國共內戰失利、全面遷臺前後。此時政府開始加強臺灣山地的警備，制訂辦法管控山地槍枝，透過利誘與威逼的方式，要求原住民持有的獵槍由國家調換、收購，並必須登記、領取國家的證照，非獵用的手槍、步槍、機槍的武器則必須由國家收繳。不過，在實際執行政策時，政府免費提供獵槍彈的誘導政策卻沒有完整的配套措施，造成政策「口惠而不實」，提供的槍彈經常缺乏。原住民只好私下設法，實際上自製槍彈火藥的情形所在多有。

This study leverages postwar government archives to examine how the Kuomintang’s (KMT) regulated firearm use among the Indigenous in Taiwan during the early postwar period (1945-1956). The analysis identifies three distinct phases in the evolution of government policy on firearm regulation.
In the first phase, following Japan’s surrender and the transfer of authority, Indigenous communities resumed the long-standing practice of private firearm manufacturing. Initially, the Taiwan Provincial Chief Executive’s Office sought to confiscate all privately held weapons. However, recognizing the unique cultural and practical importance of hunting rifles to the Indigenous, officials began adapting regulatory frameworks from the Japanese colonial era, including drafting policies for ammunition borrowing and distribution in mountainous regions. These efforts were soon disrupted by the outbreak of the February 28 Incident in 1947.
The second phase emerged after the February 28 Incident, as the KMT sought to stabilize Taiwan and prevent lowland insurgents from retreating into remote mountain areas. Indigenous peoples were seen as key collaborators in post-incident pacification efforts. To secure their cooperation in recovering unauthorized weapons, the government explicitly allowed Indigenous hunters to retain their rifles, recognizing them as essential subsistence tools rather than military weapons.
The final phase coincided with the KMT’s defeat in the Chinese Civil War and its retreat to Taiwan. In an effort to strengthen security in mountainous areas, the government imposed stricter controls over Indigenous firearms. Hunters were required to register their rifles, exchange or sell them through the state, and obtain official permits, while nonhunting weapons, such as handguns, military rifles, and machine guns, were subject to mandatory surrender. Although the government promised to provide free ammunition to encourage compliance, poor logistical support resulted in frequent shortages, prompting many Indigenous hunters to produce their own ammunition.