魚、塭、網絡：台灣養殖漁業生產組織的社會學分析

Fish, Ponds and Networks: A Sociological Analysis of Aquacultural Organizations in Taiwan

台灣從1970年代所形成的養殖戶網絡生產型態為何仍然得以持續至今？本文透過結合科技與社會中組構結合體（agencement），以及經濟社會學中對生產網絡的角色結構（roles structure）概念，探討台灣養殖漁業的生產組織，論述人、魚塭與多樣物種的結合如何形塑了養殖施為，而養殖業者間透過以魚生長階段為基礎的分工角色結構，建構了可以量產的生產體系。透過對36位養殖業者、3位研究人員的深度訪談，以及文獻與歷史資料蒐集，本文提出以下研究發現。首先，零細產權的魚塭、國家的低度管制以及多樣物種的流通，形塑台灣養殖戶的根本行為模式；養殖戶雖然難以擴大規模、標準化生產技術，但在養殖行為上高度自主，從而發展出個人技藝化技術。其次，養殖戶將魚（蝦貝）的成長歷程分化為育種、孵化、中間育成與成魚（蝦貝），個別業者專精其中一段，再透過上下游交易的方式達成生產整合。這種零細垂直分工的體系容許資源不豐、教育程度參差的養殖戶進行生產計算與發展技術，進行大量量產，從而延續既有生產體系，但也深刻影響養殖業應對病害問題的方式。

This paper examines the organization of the aquatic industry in Taiwan. The Taiwanese aquatic industry deviates from the global mainstream by continuing to consist of small household networks. To answer why this is the case, the authors combine the concepts of agencement from the STS literature and of role structures from economic sociology. Thirty-six producers and three researchers were interviewed and the production of eleven aquatic species investigated. This paper makes the following arguments: First, fragmented ownership of ponds, loose regulation from the state, and the mobility of multiple species have been essential to the development of Taiwanese aquatic agency. Second, Taiwanese fish farmers have developed a complicated division of labor model that divides the cultural process into four parts: breeding, hatchery, intermediate breeding, and adult fi sh. Each fisherman focuses on a specific stage of development of a fish and integrate through trade with other parts. This system allows small producers to form a system of mass production and shapes the array of skills and strategies available for coping with diseases.