是消逝還是轉變：都會區擴張下的當代客庄

Disappearing or Transformation: A Contemporary Hakka Settlement under Urban Expansion

位於新竹縣樹杞林鎮外五里地區的Erzhong聚落，是深受風城科學園區影響的代表性客庄，此一地區可能為考察當代客家都市生活上提供一個饒富意涵的案例。在客家研究上，文獻上持續認為客家族群與農村的關係相較於其他漢人深厚，研究者亦強調客家族群「耕讀傳家」的重農文化觀以及不輕易出售農地與相關的道德規約。在這樣的研究傳統下，當代客家人群似乎主要在農村現身，至於都市生活的部分則被放置在城鄉移民脈絡中加以理解，易言之，當代客家人群的都市生活是移民至都會區後才發生的。再者，在城鄉移民的研究架構下，學者們關心的是客家族群認同與語言傳承的問題。然而，以城鄉移民為基調的分析忽略許多住居及生活在都會區的客家人並非透過遷移歷程，而是都會區擴張的結果，並假定當代客家族群具有同質性。Erzhong聚落正提供一個在地客家聚落面對快速都市化與大量外來人口移入的案例，展現原本以傳統客家聚落血緣及地緣網絡人群為主的在地組織，如何經驗都市的擴張以及新都市計畫。在地客庄透過文化再創造的實作，包含創意花鼓隊、山歌班等客家文化活動，以及轉化伯公信仰，在社區營造開展的脈絡下，結合社區營造及客委會的政策與資源，逐漸融入一些在科學園區早期遷入並已經在地化的人群，嘗試在都市化變遷與在大量人群湧入的情境下，以利客家文化之維繫。

The Hakka studies traditionally tend to emphasize the norms and cultural value regarding farming and farmland of the Hakka people, and assert that the bond between the Hakka people and the farming rural area is much closer comparing to the other Han people. It seems that the urban life of the Hakka people only takes place after their migration to the city. As a result, when discussing the urban Hakka settlements, scholars oftentimes adopt the rural urban migration perspective, focusing on the decline of Hakka identity, the challenge of cultural heritage, and the endangering Hakka language. Such a viewpoint, however, neglects that fact that many Hakka people nowadays live in the urban area because of the expansion of city borders rather than the rural-urban migration. It, moreover, assumes an essential homogeneity among contemporary Hakka people. The Erzhong community, located on the outskirt of the Zhudong Township, Hsinchu County, serves as an example to rethink the urban life of contemporary Hakka people. Encountering rapid urbanization and immigration of new settlers due to the growth of the Hsinchu Science Industrial Park, the Erzhong’s Hakka settlement traditionally based on kinship and local network has experienced urban expansion and the coming of new urban planning. Its community organization assembles resources from the Community Empowerment/Development Project and the Hakka Affairs Council and collaborates with some early localized settler to cope with the new urban conditions. By cultural recreation such as the transformation of traditional Land God religious practices, the Hakka people living in Erzhong have endeavored to carry out their cultural heritage.