文化診斷中的病痛隱喻──以魯迅和郁達夫的病痛與文學創作為例

Illness as Metaphor in Cultural Diagnosis: Cases for Illnesses and Literature of Lu Xun and Yu Ta-Fu

中國人似乎從來未發展出對身體的純粹的科學主義興趣，對於身體，我們幾乎是用文化的、政治的態度來審視。在一定意義上病痛已不是個單純的醫學話題，它同時也屬於文化範疇。由於人類文化上的缺陷，病痛從來都負載著價值判斷的，人類賦予病痛太多的隱喻意義。作家們筆下的病痛負載著各不相同的道德批評和價值判斷，這種微妙的差別體現了作家們獨特的美學追求。病痛始終伴隨在人與自然的基本鬥爭中，從而成為文學創作的獨特意象資源。五四時期的思想者不認為人身體上的病痛是生物學問題，他們以為中國人的身體病痛不可能通過醫學來剷除，而是必須通過一場徹底的政治革命來剷除。以魯迅為例，「病痛」穿越其所有文章和一生，同時也被他賦予各種精神意義。在這些病痛意象背後，有著耐人尋味的文化意蘊和審美指向。病痛及其隱喻給我們提供了一條尋訪中國文學現代性多副面孔的便捷途徑。本文正是在這一課題上的努力與嘗試，試圖挖掘以魯迅和郁達夫為核心的近現代中國作家在作品中所呈現出來的病痛隱喻，並繫聯其自身在性格上和心理上的關係。

It seems that Chinese never develop a pure science interest to body. Chinese always consider body with culture and political attitude. To some extent, illness is not a subject of medical science, it falls in the scope of culture. Illnesses have accompanied mankind in its struggle against the nature, and owing to its cultural defect they have served as the measurement of the values. Illness has rich metaphorical significance in modern Chinese literature. It may carry different kinds of moral criticism and value judgment for different writers. This difference manifests writers' aesthetic pursuit and more significantly. Illnesses have accompanied mankind in its struggle against the nature, so make it become to be the unique image resource of the literature writing. Thinkers in the May Fourth Movement who don't think the sick body is a biology problem, and it is impossible to root out Chinese sick body by medical science, but it must be eradicated by a thorough political revolution. Case for Lu Xun, illness runs through all the works written by Lu Xun and his life and is given different spiritual messages. Interesting cultural implication and esthetic orientation exists behind these illness's images. Illness with its metaphor provides a more convenient path in our search for the different faces of modern Chinese literature. This article is intended to delve into the Illness's metaphor in the writing of modern Chinese writers and tries to relate the connection between this aesthetics and their character and psyche.