杜牧（803-852）筆下的聖人形象：論中晚唐政治思想的一個側面

The Image of the Sages as Written by Du Mu (803- 852): An Aspect of Political Thought in the Mid- to Late Tang Dynasty

唐代思想史在歷經安史之亂後產生轉變，古文運動所帶動儒家復興思潮，無疑最引人注目。此研究進路多少限縮理解中晚唐思想史的視野，視杜牧為古文運動繼承者即為顯著一例。故本文重新將杜牧的聖人論述，置於中晚唐的政治思想脈絡探索。本文發現，杜牧認為儒者應熟悉軍事，「武」更是聖人必備的能力。至於杜牧論聖人之「文」雖受韓愈影響，但更強調聖人對學術與文化的貢獻，應積極運用於政治場域，這點呼應他期望唐廷穩定內外秩序的理想。與其他中晚唐思想家相較，杜牧盼理想統治者更積極培養軍事能力，並解決現實政治問題。總而言之，本文以杜牧筆下的聖人形象為例，說明軍事論述在中晚唐甚為關鍵，亦為理解中唐至宋初政治思想史的線索之一。

The intellectual history of the Tang dynasty evolved after the An Lushan Rebellion, with the revival of Confucianism, driven by the Classical Prose Movement, being a key intellectual development. However, this perspective has limitations, such as the assumption that Du Mu (803-852) was certainly a successor to the movement. This article reassesses Du Mu in the context of the mid- to late Tang dynasty by examining his portrayal of sages in his writings to reveal a significant aspect of political thought during this period. Du Mu emphasized that Confucian scholars should be knowledgeable in military affairs, arguing that“military”knowledge was essential for sages. While Du Mu’s view on“civil”was impacted by Han Yu, he further underlined that sages’cultural contributions should be applied to politics, aligning with his ideals of internal peace and external resistance. Unlike other intellectuals of the time, Du Mu asserted that ideal governors should cultivate military abilities and seek practical solutions to real political issues. In conclusion, this article shows that Du Mu’s ideas on sages underscore the importance of military discourse, and this can offer valuable insight into the history of political thought from the mid-Tang to the early Song dynasty.