Carl Schmitt大空間理論在中國

Carl Schmitt’s Großraum Theory in China

本文首先將聚焦在Carl Schmitt於1940年左右所發展出的大空間理論，並考察該理論的核心論點。其核心論點在於，援引美國門羅主義為前例並加以修改，藉此以反對大空間之外的其他國家干涉空間內部事務。據此，世界應當被劃分為多元的大空間，彼此間相互維持均勢且互不干涉，相對地，任何宣稱人權等普世價值的國際法，都被視為是帝國主義強制干預他國的託詞。
本文也將進一步梳理近年來中國知識分子對於大空間理論的詮釋與運用，並且提出其使用該理論背後其實承載了特定的政治動機。中國某些知識分子對於這種以大空間為基本單位所構成的多元世界秩序想像，展現了高度的興趣。不過他們的理論興趣背後的政治動機，則是要排除超國家組織與現有國際法對於中國的干預，因為他們將這些當作是美國和其西方盟友進行帝國主義干涉的法律工具。除了批評現有國際法的普世性，進一步也希望能夠基於文化的差異而建立起以中國為核心的大空間，並據此排除外來的干預。
最後本文則將指出，中國知識分子透過Schmitt大空間理論所建構的「多元文化」世界秩序，雖然符合了某些左翼知識分子的反帝國想像，但由於過分專注於Schmitt理論對外排除他國干預的面向，對此理論也是區域霸權自我證成的這一理論面向卻莫衷一是，因此大空間理論在中國的繼受與使用僅是尚在發展中的政治修辭。

This article first examines Carl Schmitt’s Großraum theory, developed around 1940, and analyzes its core arguments. Central to the theory is the adaptation of the United States’Monroe Doctrine as a precedent, advocating against external interference in the internal affairs of nations within designated Großraum. Schmitt envisions a world divided into multiple Großräume that maintain mutual balance and respect for non-interference. By contrast, any international law claiming universal values, such as human rights, is dismissed as a pretext for imperialist intervention in other countries.
The article further explores the interpretation and application of Schmitt’s Großraum theory by Chinese intellectuals in recent years, arguing that specific political motives underlie its use. Certain Chinese intellectuals have expressed strong interest in a pluralistic world order based on large spaces as fundamental units. However, their theoretical engagement is driven by the political motive of rejecting supranational organizations and existing international law, which they perceive as tools of imperialist intervention by the United States and its Western allies. Beyond criticizing the universality of current international law, these intellectuals aspire to establish a China-centered large space, rooted in cultural distinctions, to shield China from foreign interference.
Finally, this paper argues that although the ''multicultural'' world order envisioned by Chinese intellectuals—drawing on Carl Schmitt's theory of Großraum—resonates with the anti-imperialist aspirations of some left-wing thinkers, the theory places disproportionate emphasis on excluding external interventions while neglecting the fact that it also serves to legitimize regional hegemony. Due to the lack of theoretical consensus on this point, the appropriation of Schmitt’s theory in China functions primarily as a political rhetoric that is still in progress and awaits further conceptual elaboration.