從注意力不足過動症、生命歷程持續性犯罪者到基因—環境交互作用—生物社會學對犯罪學與社會安全網政策的啟發

From ADHD and Life-Course- Persistent Offenders to Gene-Environment Interplay−Biosociological Insights for Criminology and Social Safety Net Policy

在社會安全網佈建中，注意力不足過動症被重視的程度可能不及思覺失調症和物質使用問題。注意力不足過動症在少年及成人監獄中的比例高達20-30%，其犯罪行為傾向可能與衝動、低自控、情緒調節有關。這族群有較高比例合併人格障礙、物質使用問題，又因注意力不足、記憶力不佳、情緒調節問題等，在刑事司法體系中易顯焦躁、難合作，在監獄中也容易違規。Terrie Edith Moffitt於1993年提出的生命歷程持續性犯罪者理論中論及注意力不足過動症可能因執行功能、語言表達、學習問題，招致後續反社會行為。Terrie Edith Moffitt在2000年後首先開展基因—環境交互作用的研究，其他研究團隊也試圖將基因—環境交互作用應用至社會學習理論、緊張理論、控制理論框架，再印證理論意涵與應用的深度。注意力不足過動症及基因本身並不能解釋犯罪行為，但會調節環境保護因子、風險因子對行為的影響。對本土犯罪學跨領域的研究方向而言，這是重要的啟發。本土精神衛生專業人員需要留意，在非醫療系統中針對注意力不足過動症發展有效的篩檢、診治模式應屬要務；在社區工作中，面對有成癮問題、多次再犯的更生人，梳理其童年發展、與刑事司法體系交會的經驗與困境，應有助於擬訂個別化追蹤計畫。

In the development of the social safety net policy, attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may receive less attention compared to schizophrenia and substance use disorders. The prevalence of ADHD in juvenile and adult prisons is as high as 20- 30%, with criminal behavior tendencies possibly related to impulsivity, low self-control, and emotional dysregulation. This group has a higher proportion of co-occurring personality disorders and substance use disorders, and due to attention deficits, poor memory, and emotional dysregulation, they are more prone to agitation and non-cooperation within the criminal justice system, as well as violations within prison. In her 1993 theory of life-course-persistent offenders, Terrie Edith Moffitt discussed how ADHD, due to issues with executive function, language expression, and learning difficulties, can lead to subsequent antisocial behavior. After 2000, Moffitt was one of the first to explore gene-environment interplay, and other research teams have since applied gene-environment interaction frameworks to social learning theory, strain theory, and control theory, further verifying the depth of theoretical implications and applications. ADHD and genes alone cannot explain criminal behavior but can modulate the impact of environmental protective and risk factors on behavior. For the interdisciplinary research direction of local criminology, this provides important insights. Local mental health professionals should note that developing effective screening and treatment models for ADHD outside the medical system is essential. In community work, when dealing with recidivists with addiction issues, reviewing their childhood development and experiences within the criminal justice system will help in formulating individualized tracking plans.