拓跋鮮卑的南下傳說──北魏的歷史認識

The Southward Migration Legend of the Tuoba Xiabbei: Historical Consciousness in the Northern Wei

關於拓跋人的原居地，在《魏書》的〈禮志〉、〈烏洛侯國傳〉、〈序紀〉中有不少相關記載，早期即有學者根據上述文獻推測，鮮卑拓跋部居住地在大興安嶺一帶。爾後，在黑龍江、遼寧、內蒙古等地發現不少拓跋鮮卑遺址，加上1980年發現的嘠仙洞祝文，大興安嶺北段被認為是拓跋部原住地，且能與《魏書‧序紀》的南遷路線結合，逐漸成為學界主流說法。
當然，也有不少聲音，質疑上述主流說法。本文在前人研究基礎上，重新探討《魏書》中涉及拓跋部原住地及南遷路線的相關記事。特別針對《魏書》中的〈序紀〉、〈烏洛侯國傳〉、〈禮志〉三篇，嘗試透過深入的分析，探討各篇章的寫作意圖和背景，進而闡明北魏的歷史認知。

Scholars remain uncertain regarding the original homeland of the Tuoba people, founders of the Wei dynasty. The Wei Shu (Book of Wei), in particular the sections“Li Zhi”(Treatise on Rituals),“Wuluohu Guo Zhuan”(Account of the Wuluohu Nation),“Xu Ji”(The Preface), contains valuable information. Drawing on this material, scholars have hypothesized that the Tuoba originally lived in the Greater Khingan Range. Subsequent archaeological discoveries, including Tuoba Xianbei sites in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia, as well as the 1980 unearthing of the Gaxian Cave inscription, have supported the identification of the northern segment of the Greater Kingan Range as the Tuoba ancestral homeland. This conclusion corresponds with the southward migration route described in the Wei Shu and has gradually become the dominant theory in scholarly circles.
As might be expected, this dominant view has not gone unchallenged. This paper seeks to shed new light on the origins of the Tuoba by reexamining the relevant entries in the Wei Shu. In doing so, it also explores the authorial intent behind the text and considers what it reveals about the historical consciousness of the Northern Wei dynasty.