以上上人的智慧落實對下下人的關懷－－從李卓吾觀點與薩提爾理論解讀王龍溪之四無說

To Care for the Lowbrow Multitude from theWisdom of Highbrow Intellectuals: A Reinterpretation of Wang Long-Xi’s“Four Nothingness”Theory with Li Zhou-Wu’s and Virginia Satir’s Ideas

王龍溪被牟宗三譽為繼陽明之學而能「調適而上遂」者，然其「四無說」一方面被王陽明認可為「為上根人立教」，另一方面在晚明諸儒間則爭論頗多。而李卓吾對王龍溪及其四無說極其推崇，但其大力倡言「無善無惡」之說，卻被正統道學視為「王學流弊」的代表。然李卓吾在今日已被視為時代的先行者，則其推崇四無說的理據所在，或亦可重作探討。仔細考察李卓吾推崇四無說之因，乃一方面責求道學家應以「上根人」及萬物一體之聖人境界自期，另一方面則以其「為下下人說」的關懷，責求道學家應秉持「無善無惡」的精神，打破二元對立，以尊重包容的態度，思考適合下下人的多元教法。筆者發現，美國家族治療大師維琴尼亞．薩提爾女士所發展的理論模式，主張面對人事應包容接納，不作非對即錯的二元批判，其說與王龍溪之「無善無惡」，實有許多共同精神可茲對照。若以之詮釋「無善無惡」，則立使高深哲思轉為淺近可親。若能透過薩提爾理論之轉譯，使陽明心學之智慧更易為世所知，或亦是將儒學運用於當代的一種方式，也是對李卓吾學術精神的一種承繼與實踐。故舉薩氏理論中的冰山理論、一致性、五種自由、成長模式等論點，與王龍溪論「四無」及「見在良知」之說相互參證。

Wang Long-Xi is hailed by Mou Zong-San as a successor of Yang-Ming’s theory who can“adjust it and attain the Heaven’s way”. However, while Long-Xi’s“four nothingness”theory is recognized by Yang-Ming as“for intellectuals only”, the theory was deemed controversial among the Confucians in late Ming dynasty. Also, Li Zhou-Wu, who holds Long-Xi and his“four nothingness”theory in esteem, was seen as the representation of“abusers of Yang-Ming school.”Nevertheless, as Li has been viewed as a philosophical pioneer since the 20th century, the reasons that he advocates“four nothingness”theory are worth reevaluation. It can be observed that Li defends“four nothingness”theory for one that Confucians should expect themselves with the standard of“highbrow intellectuals”and saints with the spirit of“All things as one body”. In the meantime, he argues that the idea of“There is no good or evil”should be used to break the binary oppositions and to think of diverse teaching methods for the“lowbrow multitude”with respect and tolerance. The theoretical model developed by Virginia Satir, the American family therapist, also advocates tolerance and acceptance when facing human affairs instead of making binary oppositions. With Satir’s model, Wang Long-Xi’s philosophical claim“There is no good or evil”can be immediately made amiable and approachable. It can be deemed that Long- Xi’s and Satir’s concepts have much in common and are worthy of exposition. By using Satir’s contemporary theory to facilitate public awareness of the wisdom of Yang-Ming’s mind theory, this paper seeks to provide a way to renew Confucianism in the present times and to succeed and practice Li Zhou-Wu’s spirits. In the article, Satir’s ideas of Iceberg Model, congruence, five freedoms, and growth model, etc. will be compared with Long-Xi’s“four nothingness”theory and“virtue in presenting”to demonstrate their similarity and relevance in the contemporary world.