《父與子》：從虛無主義到探究社群——巴札洛夫與阿爾卡狄

Fathers and Sons: Transition from Nihilism to Community of Inquiry Model with Bazarov and Arkady

虛無主義（nihilism）的哲學概念源出尼采（Friedrich Nietzsche），後隨屠格涅夫（Ivan S. Turgenev）的小說《父與子》（Fathers and Sons）廣為流傳。該作亦因虛無色彩與巴札洛夫（Bazarov）一角形象而備受爭議。本文透過批判閱讀《父與子》，對西方與俄國虛無主義進行詳述與比較。正如巴札洛夫的矛盾與阿爾卡狄（Arkady）的內在幽微所示，小說其實旨在呈現由虛無主義朝懷疑論（skepticism）及「探究社群」（community of inquiry）之轉向，而阿爾卡狄才是真正的虛無主義化身，傳遞「和解之必要」此一中心訊息。總言之，巴札洛夫代表虛無主義「否定」的一面，阿爾卡狄則代表其詮釋、承擔與行動的任務，二者共同導向俄國群眾，尤其年輕世代致力推動和解的社會責任。最終，屠格涅夫呼籲莫要輕信虛無主義，而應保持懷疑，循「探究社群」模型以促進社會和解並達成國家的救贖。

Nihilism, whose conceptual boundaries were drawn by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, became famous with Ivan S. Turgenev’s novel Fathers and Sons. Based on nihilism and Bazarov’s character, the novel causes great controversy. Within the scope of our study, Western and Russian nihilism is explained with a descriptive and comparative method, followed by the novel Fathers and Sons being discussed with an interrogative and critical method. By trying to illuminate Bazarov’s contradictory and Arkady’s hidden inner worlds, the novel’s transition from nihilism to the skepticism and model of a community of inquiry is revealed. In light of the examination, it is discovered that Arkady is the real nihilist character, and that he carries the message of necessity of social reconciliation which the author wants to convey. Turgenev gives nihilism’s task of denial to Bazarov; the task of interpreting, taking responsibility, and acting to Arkady; and the call of reconciliation to the Russian people, particularly the youth. As a conclusion, the author advises the public to not believe everything they may have heard concerning nihilism, to approach new information with distance through skepticism, to access organized and accurate information through a structure similar to the model of community of inquiry, and proposes the salvation of Russia through social reconciliation.