印尼「不做強國代理人」之研究：「自主獨立」與「互助合作」文化之視角

“ASEAN is Not a Proxy for Any Power”: The Cultural Perspectives of Indonesia’s“Gotong Royong”and“Merdeka”

東南亞擁有悠久的歷史與文化，除仍屹立的泰國與汶萊王室外，馬來西亞和印尼亦有多個傳統蘇丹皇家，而過去東南亞確實也曾經出現過許多著名的王朝；如吳哥（Angkor）、室利佛逝（Srivijaya）與馬打藍（Mataram）等。由於東南亞蘊藏豐富天然資源，以及位處國際貿易要衝，曾遭到西方國家的殖民；另大部分記載東南亞的歷史裡，華人亦未缺席過，甚至與近代以來的東南亞發展關係密切。鑑於國際關係研究多半圍繞在西方現實主義的追求權力最大化之觀點，而忽略歷史文化在東南亞研究中的角色；本文就文化的視角，從印尼前總統佐科威（Jokowi）對外宣示「東協不做強國代理人」（ASEAN tak boleh menjadi｀proxy＇bagi negara manapun/印尼文），分析印尼在地文化，對當代區域國家外交關係之影響。尤其針對印尼做為瞭解文化對國家外交影響之初探。內容涵蓋傳統的東南亞國際互動，以及闡述「東協模式」與該區域傳統文化中的「互助合作」（Gotong Royong）和「自主獨立」（Merdeka）精神之關係；認為「不做強國代理人」之立場，在近期或至少未來的一段時間內，將成為印尼的外交態度之一。

Southeast Asia is rich in culture and history. The royal families of Thailand and Brunei are currently thriving, while Malaysia and Indonesia also have their own traditional royal families. Furthermore, the region has witnessed the rise of many renowned dynasties throughout history, such as Angkor, Srivijaya, and Mataram. Due to its abundant natural resources and strategic location along international trade routes, Southeast Asia was subjected to the colonization by Western powers. For the majority of history in the region, overseas Chinese had always played a significant role and were closely involved in the development of Southeast Asia. Nevertheless, because the focus of international relations research is on the pursuit of power maximization in Western realism, Southeast Asian history and culture are often neglected. Adopting a cultural perspective and based on former Indonesian President Jokowi’s statement,“ASEAN tak boleh menjadi‘proxy’bagi negara manapun”(“ASEAN is not a proxy for any power”), this paper analyzes the influence of Indonesian culture on contemporary diplomacy of the region. In particular, the paper explores how culture influences Indonesia’s diplomacy, covering the traditional international interactions of Southeast Asia nations, and illustrating the connection between the“ASEAN model”and the spirit of“Gotong Royong”(mutual assistance and cooperation) and“Merdeka”(autonomy and independence) in Indonesian’s traditional culture. The paper argues that the stance of ASEAN not being a proxy for any power will become one of Indonesia’s diplomatic attitudes for the near future or at least for some time to come.