日本行政不服審查法之考察──兼論對我國訴願法之啟示

The Study of Japan Administrative Appeal Law—Extend Study on the Enlightenment for Taiwan Administrative Appeal Act

日本國會於2014(平成26)年6月6日通過行政不服審查制度之關連三法案，即行政不服審查法法案、配合行政不服審查法之包裹修正法案及行政手續法之一部修正法律案，並於同年6月13日公布。其中，行政不服審查法案最主要的修正為調理不服聲明類型、提升公正性、增加便利性、強化審理程序之程序保障、提高透明性及審理迅速化。其修正之內容有對既有制度為一調整，亦有新增制度規定。
本文於論述主要修正內容，計有(1)不服聲明之對象係針對行政處分、不作為、事實上的行為；(2)考量審理之公正中立性，由未參與過系爭處分作成的職員擔任審理員；(3)審查請求之提起期間從原本之60日內延長為90日內；(4)審理程序以書面審理為原則，惟當審查請求人或參加人有主動提出言詞審理陳述時，審理員必須給予之；(5)為確保審理程序的客觀性，規定原則上必須向行政不服審查委員會諮詢等。
本文欲於探討日本在「簡易迅速」且「公正程序」下，謀求國民權利利益的救濟，確保行政適正的營運之立法目的而提出種種措施的同時，比較我國訴願制度，提出一些有益之建議。

The Japanese Diet passed three bills related to the Administrative Appeals Law system on June 6, 2014. These bills, namely, the Administrative Appeals Law, the Law on the Development of Related Laws Accompanying the Enforcement of the Administrative Appeals Law, and the Law to Partially Amend the Administrative Procedure Act, were promulgated on June 13 of the same year. Of these, the most significant amendments to the Administrative Appeals Law are the types of appeals to be filed, improvements to fairness, improvements to convenience, procedural guarantees in the review process, improvements to transparency and speeding up the review process. This article examines the most important amendments, including the scope of appeals, the introduction of a hearing officer system, the 90-day period for filing a request for review, the principle of written review, and referral to the Administrative Appeals Board. In this article, I will consider what kind of simple, quick and fair procedures are in place in Japanese law to provide relief for the rights and interests of Japanese citizens while at the same time taking various measures to put into practice the legislative purpose of ensuring proper administration. At the same time, I hope to gain some useful insight by comparing the appeal system in Taiwan.